廖中明臺灣大學:生物環境系統工程學研究所沈煥翔Shen, Huan-HsiangHuan-HsiangShen2007-11-272018-06-292007-11-272018-06-292006http://ntur.lib.ntu.edu.tw//handle/246246/56101本研究以台灣砷盛行區域之西南沿海烏腳病地區與東北蘭陽平原之流行病學調查資料為基礎,利用Weibull模式建構砷暴露劑量、年齡與反應的關係,結合以生理為基礎的藥理動力學(PBPK)模式模擬人體代謝機制並探討飲水率所造成體內濃度變化,以評估飲用水含砷安全量。針對攝食西南沿海含砷養殖池之吳郭魚進行人體砷暴露健康風險評估,進而利用生物累積模式推求吳郭魚養殖池含砷安全量。生命階段之PBPK模式描述人體對主要代謝物種砷:As5+,As3+,MMA及DMA之吸收、分佈、代謝與排除,並考量年齡生理狀態之潛在變化,強化攝食無機砷之風險評估。結果顯示膀胱癌、腎癌、尿道癌與肺癌之累積發生率,與年齡及劑量呈現明顯相關趨勢。以男性終生年齡75歲為例,膀胱癌為參考癌症,累積發生率10-4下所推估飲用水含總砷安全量為3.4 μg L-1,但考量人體生理代謝機制與飲水率變化 (1.08-6.52 L d-1)時,飲用水含總砷安全量介於1.9-10.2 μg L-1間,其所推估之累積發生率則為2.84×10-5-1.96×10-4間。根據攝食西南沿海地區含砷養殖池吳郭魚之健康風險評估,顯示布袋、義竹、北門及學甲區域風險均未超過10-4,而此地區90%致癌風險落於2.0×10-5範圍內。利用生物累積模式推求養殖吳郭魚水質顯示建議含無機砷安全量為45 μg L-1。本研究結合人體健康風險與環境評估步驟,整合流行病學與環境生物檢測研究,可提供建構環境風險管理架構以訂定規範與執行依據。The purpose of this thesis is to evaluate a reasonable range of drinking water standard based on the arsenic epidemiological data in the southwestern Blackfoot disease-endemic area and northeastern Lanyang Plain in Taiwan. We present an integrated approach by linking the Weibull model-based dose-response profile and a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model to construct the interplay among arsenic exposure dose, age and response, and to model arsenic concentration varied with methylating activity and drinking water consumption rates. Furthermore, we use bioaccumulation model to establish a risk assessment for ingesting farmed tilapia in southwestern coast to estimate the pond water quality criteria. A life-stage PBPK model is used to describe the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of the four major metabolites: arsenate (As5+), arsenite (As3+), methylarsonic acid (MMA) and dimethylarsinic acid (DMA) in target tissue groups, considering the potential impact by physiologically life-stage differences. The results show that arsenic exposure dose, age and the cumulative incidence ratio of the bladder, kidney, urinary and lung cancers are correlated significantly. The safe arsenic drinking water standard is estimated to be 3.4 μg L-1 based on the index cancer (bladder cancer) with cumulative incidence ratio equals 10-4 for a life time 75-yr male. The standard concentration and cumulative incidence ratio range from 1.9 – 10.2 μg L-1 and 2.84×10-5 – 1.96×10-4, respectively, which are varied with the drinking water consumption rates ranging from 1.08 – 6.52 L d-1. The risk of ingesting farmed tiliapia are lower than 10-4 in Putai, Yichu, Paiman and Hsuehchia, and the average risk of 90% belows 2.0×10-5 in southwestern coast. The pond water standard of inorganic arsenic for farmed tilapia is estimated to be 45 μg L-1. In conclusion, this study offers a environmental-risk-management framework to establish regulations and administrating process by linking epidemiological data and environmental bioassays.口試委員會審定書 謝誌 中文摘要 I 英文摘要 II 表目錄 VI 圖目錄 VIII 符號說明 IX 第一章 前言 1 第二章 動機與目的 2 2.1 研究動機 2 2.2 研究目的 2 第三章 文獻回顧 3 3.1 砷之物化性質與環境分佈 3 3.2 砷之毒理與人體代謝 7 3.3 台灣地區飲用含砷井水之流行病學調查 14 3.4 以生理為基礎之藥理動力學模式(PBPK model) 18 3.5 劑量反應模式 22 3.6 生物累積作用 30 3.7 風險評估 31 第四章 材料與方法 34 4.1 風險分析架構 34 4.2 台灣烏腳病地區與蘭陽平原流行病學資料與分析 36 4.3 Weibull劑量反應模式 40 4.4 生命階段之PBPK模式 42 4.5 變異性分析 56 4.6 生物累積模式 59 第五章 結果與討論 64 5.1 烏腳病地區與蘭陽地區暴露劑量與各癌症關係 64 5.2 人體內器官之砷濃度動態變化 68 5.3 飲水量、體重與人體內砷濃度變異分析 74 5.4 飲用水含砷量安全量分析 79 5.5 結合PBPK模式探討水質含砷安全量與風險值影響 85 5.6 地區性攝食含砷食物致癌風險分析 90 5.7 流行病學應用於環境管理 95 第六章 結論與未來研究建議 97 6.1 結論 97 6.2 未來研究建議 99 參考文獻 101 附錄A:癌症追蹤人數、發生病例數與累積發生率 111 附錄B:Comparison population data (Taiwan), 1973–1986. 1191055228 bytesapplication/pdfen-US砷Weibull模式PBPK飲用水標準吳郭魚風險評估流行病學。ArsenicWeibull modelDrinking water standardTilapiaRisk assessmentEpidemiology[SDGs]SDG3[SDGs]SDG6結合生命階段之PBPK模式與流行病學資料評估人體砷暴露之致癌風險Linking a life-stage PBPK model and epidemiological data to enhance cancer risk assessment of human exposed to arsenicalsthesishttp://ntur.lib.ntu.edu.tw/bitstream/246246/56101/1/ntu-95-R91622032-1.pdf