You-Ren LinJian-Zhang ChenCindy RuslyHsun-Yi ChenFeng-Cheng Chang2025-05-132025-05-132025-06-1503787753https://www.scopus.com/record/display.uri?eid=2-s2.0-105001274116&origin=resultslisthttps://scholars.lib.ntu.edu.tw/handle/123456789/729260In this study, lignosulfonate (LS) is utilized as a precursor to prepare lignosulfonate-activated carbon (LSAC) through a two-step CO2 physical activation process. The LSAC is then employed as an electrode material and is assembled with PVA/H2SO4 gel electrolyte to fabricate supercapacitors. The experimental results reveal that the carbonization temperature, pre-oxidation treatment, and activation time considerably influence the pore characteristics of LSAC, thereby affecting its subsequent electrochemical performance. The optimal conditions, without pre-oxidation, carbonization at 700 °C, activation at 800 °C, and a 90 min activation time, LSAC achieves the highest specific surface area (1015.33 m2/g) and a carbon content of 83.110 %. The electrochemical testing demonstrates that the system attains the highest areal capacitance (646.78 mF/cm2) at a current of 0.25 mA, an energy density of 57.491 μWh/cm2, a power density of 0.0667 mW/cm2, and 99.13 % of capacitance retention after 4000 charge-discharge cycles. This research highlights the potential for LSAC to be applied in energy storage devices, thereby enhancing the recycling value of industrial lignin.falseAtmospheric pressure plasmaCarbonLignosulfonateScreen-printingSupercapacitor[SDGs]SDG9[SDGs]SDG12journal article10.1016/j.jpowsour.2025.2368872-s2.0-105001274116