Chang M.-C.SHOU-ZEN FANPO-NI HSIAOWEN-FANG CHENGWEI-ZEN SUN2020-02-142020-02-1420111875-45972-s2.0-80053924250https://scholars.lib.ntu.edu.tw/handle/123456789/458613Morphine is a widely used drug for analgesia and substance abuse. It has been accepted as a safe medication with great analgesic efficacy. Previous studies have reported that morphine is highly associated with the risk of immunosuppressive effects. Although the observed clinical effects suggest that morphine has the immunomodulatory capabilities, the mechanism of its action is still unclear. Here we review morphine on the bench to improve our understanding of the drug on the host immunity at the bedside. Studies of the effects of morphine on the innate and adaptive immune systems as well as immune responses are also discussed. Copyright ? 2011, Taiwan Society of Anesthesiologists. Published by Elsevier Taiwan LLC. All rights reserved.[SDGs]SDG3CD40 ligand; chemokine receptor CXCR1; gamma interferon inducible protein 10; immunoglobulin enhancer binding protein; inducible nitric oxide synthase; intercellular adhesion molecule 1; intercellular adhesion molecule 2; interleukin 10; interleukin 13; interleukin 1beta; interleukin 2; interleukin 4; interleukin 5; interleukin 6; morphine; transcription factor AP 1; transcription factor NFAT; tumor necrosis factor alpha; adaptive immunity; B lymphocyte; CD4+ T lymphocyte; CD8+ T lymphocyte; cell migration; cytokine production; cytokine release; drug efficacy; drug safety; human; immunosuppressive treatment; innate immunity; leukocyte migration; macrophage; natural killer cell; nonhuman; phagocytosis; protein expression; review; Animals; Cell Movement; Humans; Immune System; Immunity; Killer Cells, Natural; Morphine; Phagocytosis; T-Lymphocytesreview10.1016/j.aat.2011.08.00356601533000