BOKYUNG PARKPark, JJParkChae, JJChae2022-05-302022-05-3020191350-4851https://scholars.lib.ntu.edu.tw/handle/123456789/612421This article investigates how the non-interest income influences risk and return of U.S. bank holding companies during the financial crisis of 2007–2009, based on the bank-level panel data. Our analysis shows that the non-interest incomes have a positive impact on bank risk and return during the crisis period. Furthermore, non-interest incomes related to nontraditional activities such as trading and investment banking activities have an insignificant impact on bank risk and returns. This study suggests that non-interest income is not the source of bank instability and low returns during the financial crisis.Non-interest income; bank holding companies; bank risk; bank return; financial crisisjournal article10.1080/13504851.2019.15915922-s2.0-85063163827WOS:000486047600006https://api.elsevier.com/content/abstract/scopus_id/85063163827