蘇以文臺灣大學:語言學研究所王炳勻Wang, Ben Pin-YunBen Pin-YunWang2010-05-052018-06-282010-05-052018-06-282009U0001-1108200910014000http://ntur.lib.ntu.edu.tw//handle/246246/179798本論文旨在運用認知語言學理論，以「V-開」構式作為研究對象，探討漢語結果動詞的認知功能語法。本研究先對「V-開」結果動詞在語料中的使用形態作有系統的分析，之後再進一步探討從「V-開」複雜動詞的語言使用情況中所觀察到「–開」的多義性，最後根據它們在語法、語意以及語用上的相似與相異之處建立不同類型的「V-開」構式。首先，本研究在語料庫導向的使用基礎模型(usage-based approach)架構下，運用字詞搭配以及頻率分析的量化方法，探討「V-開」結果動詞在語料中的分布以及多產性。針對與「–開」搭配的動詞，根據它們的語意框架(semantic frame)作分類後，我們發現「V-開」結果動詞牽涉到規律的語意整合。我們也觀察到「V-開」構式內的字詞搭配強度不同，此現象與經驗趨向、機率性的語法歸納特性相符。本研究所執行的頻率分析進一步指出例的頻率(token frequency)會導致「V-開」複雜動詞的詞彙化(lexicalization)，而型的頻率(type frequency)則會引起「V-開」構式的基模化(schematization)。這些固定型式的「V-開」構式具有不同程度的一般性(generality)與特定性(specificity)，也對使用基礎模型架構中所主張的詞彙與語法之間連續性提出佐證。此外，我們根據原則性多義(Principled Polysemy)理論，為「–開」在結果動詞中的用法確立其主要典型語意(Sanctioning Sense)以及四個具區別性的語意(distinct sense)。本研究除了建立「–開」呈放射狀的語意網絡(radial semantic network)，同時也解釋了其語意延伸背後的認知語用原則。具體來說，我們闡明了觀點(perspective- taking)與動力(force dynamics)在漢語結果動詞概念結構中的重要性。另外本研究還指出，雖然「–開」具有四個約定俗成的詞彙概念，它在句中確切的語意仍會受句內其他成分所限制。也就是說，我們揭示了漢語結果動詞語意建構過程中的分佈(distributed)特性以及易受上下文影響(context-sensitive)的本質。構式語法(constructionist)的角度而言，本研究主張不同「V-開」複雜動詞具有形式以及意義上的家族相似性(family resemblance)，形成一跨四類結果式的構式家族。我們發現不同類別的「V-開」構式伴隨在不同概念範疇中的事件融合(event conflation)，因而具有不同的語意詮釋。我們也觀察到在語言表達的層次上，「–開」決定了大部分「V-開」結果動詞所出現子句的補語結構、時貌結構以及核心要點(upshot)。以上三方面的語言證據皆指向「–開」在「V-開」結果動詞所表示的整體事件(macro-event)概念上具有較顯著的角色。簡言之，本論文也闡釋了漢語結果動詞分類的認知基礎。們期望本論文對「V-開」複雜動詞的完整案例研究成果，能夠強調出一般結果動詞有系統的認知功能特性，增進對於此類常用漢語語法構式實際使用情況的了解。The aim of this thesis is to draw the insights from Cognitive Linguistics to examine the grammar of Mandarin resultative verbs by zooming in on the specific class of V-kai constructions. With a bottom-up empirical approach, the present study first scrutinizes systematically the usage patterns pertinent to V-kai resultative verbs based on corpus data. Then the multiple, related meanings of postverbal –kai observed from the usage of V-kai complex verbs are examined. Finally, the taxonomy of V-kai constructions has been established according to their similarities and variations in syntax, semantics and pragmatics.irstly, this study adopts a corpus-oriented usage-based approach to the distribution and productivity of V-kai resultative verbs, applying the quantitative techniques of both collocational and frequency analysis. By classifying the verbal collocates of –kai on the basis of their associated semantic frames, this study has recognized regular patterns of meaning integration in V-kai resultative verbs. Moreover, the observation that the verbal collocations within V-kai resultative verbs come in different strengths accords with the experience-driven, probabilistic view of grammatical generalizations. The frequency analysis conducted in this study further indicates that while high token frequency results in lexicalization of V-kai complex verbs, high type frequency leads to schematization of V-kai constructions. Accordingly, the routinized patterns of V-kai schemas that vary in their specificity and generality serve as a representative illustration of the continuum between lexicon and grammar that characterizes a usage-based conception of language.n addition, following the model of Principled Polysemy, this thesis has identified the Sanctioning Sense and four distinct senses of the postverb –kai in resultative verbs, constructing a radial semantic network to explain the underlying cognitive-pragmatic principles of its meaning extensions. Specifically, we have illuminated the significance of perspective-taking as well as real-world force dynamics in the conceptual structure of Mandarin resultative verbs. Moreover, this study has shown that, while –kai pertains to four conventionalized lexical concepts, the exact interpretation assigned to the postverb is constrained and delimited by its sentential context. In other words, we have unveiled the distributed and context-sensitive nature of the meaning construction of Mandarin resultative verbs. rom a constructionist point of view, this study has argued that, on the basis of the family resemblances in their forms and meanings, V-kai complex verbs constitute a family of constructions that can be classified into four types of resultatives. Different types of V-kai constructions are found to involve conceptual conflation of events across distinct domains and thus pertain to different interpretations. We also observe that at the level of linguistic expression, –kai determines most of the complement structure, aspectual structure, upshot of the clauses V-kai constructions occur in, which point to the conceptual saliency of the postverb in macro-events expressed by V-kai resultative verbs. In sum, this case study illuminates the conceptual basis for the taxonomy of Mandarin resultative verbs in general.t is hoped that the findings of this comprehensive study specifically on V-kai constructions can elucidate the systematic, cognitive-functional properties of resultative verb generally and further our understanding to the authentic usage of these productive grammatical templates in Mandarin Chinese.Table of Contentscknowledgement inglish Abstract iiihinese Abstract vable of Contents viiist of Tables xist of Figures xibbreviations and Transcription Conventions xiihapter 1 Introduction 1.1 Preamble 1.2 Research questions 4.3 The data of this thesis 6hapter 2 The Literature on Mandarin Resultative Verbs 82.1 The definition of “resultative verbs” 82.2 Structural characteristics of resultative verbs 102.3 Semantic classifications of resultative verbs 122.4 Previous studies on V-kai resultative verbs 16hapter 3 The Cognitive Routinization of V-kai Resultative Verbs: A Usage-based Approach 203.1 A usage-based conception of language 20.1.1 Theoretical assumptions of a usage-based approach 20.1.1.1 An utterance-grounded model 21.1.1.2 A frequency-focused model 23.1.2 Towards a corpus-oriented usage-based approach 253.2 A frame-semantic categorization of the verbal collocates of –kai 273.3 Frequency and productivity of V-kai resultative verbs 30.3.1 Distribution of V-kai resultative verbs in the corpus data 30.3.2 Categories of verbal collocates within V-kai resultative verbs 32.3.2.1 Verbs of motion 34 3.3.2.2 Verbs of manipulation 35.3.2.3 Verbs of separating 35.3.2.4 Verbs of dispersal 36.3.2.5 Verbs of expansion 36.3.2.6 Verbs of avoiding 37.3.2.7 Other categories of verbal collocates 37.3.3 Interim summary 42.4 Usage effects on the entrenchment of V-kai resultative verbs 43.4.1 The effect of token frequency on the lexicalization of V-kai resultative verbs 43.4.2 The effect of type frequency on the schematization of V-kai resultative verbs 47.4.3 From corpus to cognition 50.5 Recapitulations 51hapter 4 The Meaning Extension of V-kai Resultative Verbs: A Principled Polysemy Account 53.1 The theoretical framework of Principled Polysemy 53.1.1 Main tenets of Principled Polysemy 53.1.2 Methodological issues in Principled Polysemy 54.1.2.1 Determining distinct senses 55.1.2.2 Determining the Sanctioning Sense 564.2 The semantic network for –kai 58.2.1 The protoscene of –kai and the Open Sense 60.2.2 The Away Sense of –kai 67.2.3 The Dispersed Sense of –kai 71.2.4 The Inceptive Sense of –kai 76.2.5 Interim summary 794.3 Contextual input to the meaning construction of V-kai resultative verbs 80.3.1 Textual prompts and sense disambiguation in V-kai resultative verbs 81.3.2 Context-induced metaphorization of V-kai resultative verbs 844.4 Recapitulations 87hapter 5 The Event Conflation of V-kai Resultative Verbs: A Constructionist View 895.1 A Construction Grammar treatment of resultatives 89.1.1 Principles of constructionist approaches to language 90.1.2 V-kai resultative verbs as a family of constructions 935.2 The event integration of V-kai resultative verbs 96.2.1 Typology of conceptual integration of events 96.2.2 Domain schematization with V-kai resultative verbs 99.2.2.1 Property V-kai1 resultative verbs and the event of state change 100.2.2.2 Path V-kai2 resultative verbs and the event of motion 103.2.2.3 Attainment V-kai3 resultative verbs and the event of realization 105.2.2.4 Phase V-kai4 resultative verbs and the event of temporal contouring 108.2.2.5 Interim summary 110.2.3 Linguistic evidence for the conceptual saliency of –kai in the macro-event 110.2.3.1 The complement structure of V-kai resultative verb constructions 111.2.3.2 The aspectual structure of V-kai resultative verb constructions 113.2.3.3 The upshot and communicative function of V-kai resultative verb constructions 1175.3 Recapitulations 119hapter 6 Conclusion 1216.1 Summary of the findings 1216.2 Implications for future research 125eferences 128application/pdf1469740 bytesapplication/pdfen-US認知語言學構式語法認知固化事件融合語意延伸原則性多義結果動詞使用基礎模型cognitive linguisticsconstruction grammarcognitive routinizationevent conflationmeaning extensionPrincipled Polysemyresultative verbusage-based modelhttp://ntur.lib.ntu.edu.tw/bitstream/246246/179798/1/ntu-98-R94142005-1.pdf