國立臺灣大學政治學系暨研究所黃錦堂2006-07-252018-06-282006-07-252018-06-282005-07-31http://ntur.lib.ntu.edu.tw//handle/246246/13849就財產權保障之轉化為妥善規劃與實質受害補償,以及水資源使用費之收支 制度而言,德國的啟發為: 1、水源的保護為我國重要的公共利益所在,位於水源區內的財產權人之財 產,立法者得為使用上的限制。 2、立法者經由法律而限制財產權時,首先應儘量不構成人民之過於嚴厲(不 合比例性)之負荷,而應於系爭法律中應一併規定避免或減輕當事人之財產權限 制的衝擊的各種措施,例如過渡時期條款、例外條款、免除條款、行政措施或技 術措施的引進等;而就剩餘仍不可去除的部分得以金錢作為弭平的手段。就水源 保護區(集水區)之劃定,範圍應有節制,而且區內宜再行分區,也得引入績效 標準、污染總量管制、水質監測等措施。 3、必也在前述的避免以及防護的運作下仍然無法免去財產權人負荷的情形 下,才有金錢之弭平登場之餘地。 4、立法者應於相關法律中一併上述衝擊弭平的措施與剩下時之金錢補償之 有關的額度高低與行政程序等,並應要求行政機關於作成土地使用限制時應一併 完成有關的減少衝擊的措施與補償的決定。 5、補償只涵蓋直接使用價值而已,而不包括間接使用價值與非使用價值。 6、對業者所收取的水費,德國定性為水資源使用規費。在環境資源的使用 下,環境資源的保護具有優先性而且為主軸,人民並不享有原則性的自由,過度 使用者必須繳交費用。 就我國憲法與現行法律之大致檢討而言: 1、我國憲法明定財產權之保障,但條文十分簡單。大法官固然提及使用限 制之補償制度,但非針對水源區。 2、水源保護區的範圍之節制以及區內再分區等,在我國水源保護區的立法 上與行政執行上,並未貫徹。 3、我國目前的收費/補償依據,為自來水法12 條之1 與之2,仍存有定性不 明之情形,而引發爭議。水源區; 自來水水質水量保護區; 大台北水源特定區; 自來水法第12 條之1; 自來水法第12 條之2; 財產權; 土地使用限制之補償; 財產 權之內容與限制; 德國基本法第14 條; 特別犧牲; 損失補償This research aims to analyze the current issues on zoning, compensation and fee-charging of water supply watersheds in Taiwan. It is based on the idea of social justice and the constitutional property-clause and the legal value-settings in Taiwan, and further through the comparison of German water laws. The property-clause requires that the intervention of the state, though legitimate out of public welfare or governmental interest, must be tailored to the necessary--i.e. proportional-scale. This demands a review of the soaring amount of the watersheds area (amounting to 1/4 land of in Taiwan! ), and an examination of the inner zoning and the possible methods to lower down the impacts in each watershed, so the Federal Constitution Court ( Bundesverfassungsgericht) describes in a judgment dated 2/3/1999. In Germany, a three-leveled Water Protection System with different regulating contents has been built up. The human rights of property, and so also the idea of social justice thereof, demands, that citizen are compensated, if their rights (though due to legitimate state actions) should be so restricted, that it constitutes a special sacrifice. The landowners in watersheds are permitted with lower-leveled using than in average, which will remain even after possible technical methods to low down the impacts. This constitutes so far as a reason for compensation therefore. The Federal Constitution Court ( Bundesverfassungsgericht) describes further in a judgment dated 7/11/1995, that water is a precious resource, the over-use of it constitutes a advantage and therefore be charged with “resource-use-fees”. This research peers into the legal texts of the relevant statutes of Hessen and Baden-Wuerttemberg.application/pdf316548 bytesapplication/pdfzh-TW國立臺灣大學政治學系暨研究所social justiceproperty rightscompensationwater supply watershedswatershedmanagement practicesreservoir watershed[SDGs]SDG6子計畫三:我國水源保護區的規劃、補償與收費法制的立法 議題:社會正義、法秩序與德國法之比較(I)(1/2)reporthttp://ntur.lib.ntu.edu.tw/bitstream/246246/13849/1/932621Z002015.pdf