曾四恭臺灣大學:環境工程學研究所吳依龍Wu, Yi-LungYi-LungWu2007-11-292018-06-282007-11-292018-06-282006http://ntur.lib.ntu.edu.tw//handle/246246/62697本研究擬由本土環境中分離出適於本土環境氣候,並能處理畜牧廢水之異營性硝化菌,應用於畜牧廢水中氮的去除,其目的在於提升廢水中氮碳去除功能以及降低處理成本。為了增加這些微生物在廢水處理反應槽之競爭力、停留時間、及細胞濃度,擬以細胞固定化技術來達成。 同時硝化脫硝之異營硝化菌的應用,可以單槽進行硝化及脫硝反應,直接將TKN及NH3轉化為氮氣,可省簡化傳統除氮單元之設置,又因脫硝產生鹼度可以中和硝化所產生的酸度,而減少了廢水pH的變化幅度,同時硝化脫硝反應所消耗的碳源部分來自廢水中之COD,可達成同時去除氮及COD之功能,減少外加碳源所增加之成本。異營硝化菌亦可單純當作生物製劑應用在COD濃度高而硝化效率低的硝化槽,應可提高硝化效率及COD之去除效率。另外,對於異營性硝化作用之機制與特性,以及其於反應槽內隨時間空間之分佈等問題若能加以進一步的探索,相信對於增進傳統除氮系統效率之研究必然有很大的助益。 本研究目前已成功自土壤、水田溝渠以及養豬廢水曝氣槽篩選出十餘株本土異營性硝化菌,並完成部分菌株之同時硝化脫硝特性試驗及16S rDNA序列鑑定。其中菌株slg-c-6具有較高的同時消化脫硝能力,以16S rDNA序列鑑定為Achromobacter oxylosoxidans subsp. oxylosoxidans,目前還未有關於同時硝化脫硝之研究報告。將配合薄膜間接供氣反應槽及固定化細胞技術將其應用在畜牧廢水之處理上,探討合適之操作條件,並利用相關分子生物技術針對其於反應槽內實際操作之優勢性加以追蹤,以進一步瞭解此菌種於反應槽內之消長,進而評估此一技術之可行性,期能達成同槽硝化脫硝之目標。此一同時硝化脫硝之系統可望能大幅降低傳統硝化脫硝兩槽系統之成本及操作問題,並有助於兼顧相關產業之永續發展與環境保護之考量。This research is to estimate the feasibility of a system using specific nitrogen bacteria ─ the heterotrophic nitrifiers, to remove nitrogen from swine wastewater with better performance. Another purpose is to improve nitrogen and COD removal from wastewater and reduce the overall operation cost. By concerning the possibly lower competitivity of these microorganisms under realistic environment, the immobilization technique is introduced to increase their chance to survive and make the single-reactor nitrification/denitrification process practicable. Isolation and immobilization of native heterotrophic nitrification bacteria with or without simultaneously nitrifying and denitrifying ability will be carried out and immobilized or co-immobilized with aerobic denitrifiers if needed, performing single-reactor SND, TKN and ammonium can be converted directly into nitrogen gas without an additional anoxic tank. This single reactor has some advantages than the traditional ones: the alkalinity produced from denitrification process can neutralize the acidity formed from nitrification activity, so that the range of pH change is mitigated. Further more, less or no additional carbon source may be required since the organic carbon demand for the denitrification reaction is directly consumed from wastewater COD, so that the purpose of removing nitrogen and COD can be achieved simultaneously, and the total operation cost will be reduced. Besides, we also intend to apply the heterotrophic nitrifiers to improve the nitrification and COD removal efficiency of those reactors containing high-level COD. Presently, over 200 strains of bacteria have been isolated from paddy field drains, soil and swine wastewater treatment systems respectively. 10 strains of them showed significant heterotrophic nitrification and were isolated and purified. Culture purity, scientific name and relative gene information of these isolated heterotrophic nitrifiers were determined by applying their 16s rDNA sequencing data to NCBI 16srDNA database. Biochemical characteristics of isolated microbes have also been carried out, the strain slg-c-6 shows significant nitrogen removal and was identified as Achromobacter oxylosoxidans subsp. oxylosoxidans with 16S rDNA sequence aliment. The purpose set for future works is to estimate the improvement of nitrogen and COD removal from swine wastewater treatment by applying immobilized heterotrophic nitrifiers. Investigation of the efficiency and feasibility of simultaneously nitrification and denitrification of inoculated heterotrophic nitrifiers for swine wastewater treatment will also be carried out with appropriate techniques of molecular biology.摘 要 I 目 錄 V 表目錄 X 圖目錄 XII 第1章 前言 1 1-1 研究源起 1 1-2 研究目的及內容 4 第2章 文獻回顧 7 2-1 硝化作用 7 2-1-1 硝化作用之反應 8 2-1-2 影響硝化作用之因子 10 2-1-3 針對傳統硝化單元可能之改進 13 2-2 脫硝作用 14 2-2-1 脫硝菌 14 2-2-2 生化反應 14 2-2-3 影響脫硝作用之因素 17 2-3 環境中較特殊之氮循環途徑 19 2-3-1 好氧脫硝作用 20 2-3-2 異營硝化 22 2-4 固定化細胞擔體之應用 26 2-5 異營性硝化於酵素與基因層面之研究 29 2-6 利用16S rDNA分析菌相結構之相關研究 32 2-6-1 16S rDNA序列比對 32 2-6-2 以變性梯度凝膠電泳分析16S rDNA 36 第3章 材料與方 39 3-1 研究內容 39 3-2 菌種來源、馴養及菌株之分離與純化 42 3-2-1 菌種來源 42 3-2-2 污泥馴養 42 3-2-3 菌種之分離與純化 45 3-3 純菌批次特性試驗 46 3-3-1 確認試驗 46 3-3-2 合成廢水之批次試驗 48 3-3-3 養豬廢水之批次試驗 50 3-3-4 矽膠管批次試驗 55 3-4 純菌16S rDNA序列建立與資料庫比對鑑定 58 3-4-1 純菌株DNA之萃取 58 3-4-2 PCR 60 3-4-3 PCR產物定序 62 3-5 固定化擔體連續流試驗 63 3-5-1菌株固定化 63 3-5-2連續流試驗 64 3-5-2-1不同C/N ratio下之連續流試驗 64 3-5-2-2不同停留時間下之連續流試驗 65 3-6 添加自營硝化菌之固定化擔體連續流試驗 66 3-6-1菌株擔體固定化配置 66 3-6-2不同操作條件之連續流試驗 66 3-6-2-1不同曝氣量之連續流試驗 66 3-6-2-2不同水力停留時間之連續流試驗 66 3-6-2-3不同碳氮比之連續流試驗 67 3-6-2-3不同無機碳源添加量連續流試驗 67 3-7 污泥DNA萃取及PCR放大 68 3-7-1廢水處理槽污泥DNA之萃取 68 3-7-2 PCR引子(primer)選擇 69 3-8 菌相分析-變性梯度凝膠電泳(DGGE) 70 3-8-1鑄膠 70 3-8-2電泳 72 3-8-3銀染 73 3-8-4照相;保存 74 3-9 實驗設備及水樣分析 75 3-5-1 實驗設備 75 3-5-2 硝酸鹽、亞硝酸鹽之分析 75 3-5-3 亞硝酸鹽之簡單呈色分析 76 3-5-4 羥胺(NH2OH)之分析 77 3-5-5 氨氮(NH4+-N)之分析 77 3-5-6 COD之分析 77 3-5-7 MLSS之分析 78 3-5-8 pH、DO及ORP 78 3-5-9 氧化亞氮、氮氣分析 78 第4章 結果與討論 81 4-1 各分離源混合菌樣本之初始特性分析及馴養 結果 81 4-2 菌株分離純化及篩選結果 87 4-3 經篩選硝化能力較佳菌株之特性試驗結果 88 4-3-1 菌株slg-c-6之特性試驗結果 88 4-3-1-2菌株slg-c-6於醋酸基質特性試驗結果 91 4-3-1-3菌株slg-c-6於豬糞尿基質特性試驗結果 92 4-3-2 菌株slg-p-2之特性試驗結果 101 4-3-3 菌株sol-p-3-2之特性試驗結果 111 4-3-4 特性試驗結果之比較 117 4-4 經篩選硝化能力較佳菌株之16S rDNA定序及序列資料庫比對結果 121 4-4-1 菌株slg-c-6之16S rDNA定序及序列資料庫比對結果 121 4-4-2 菌株slg-p-2之16S rDNA定序及序列資料庫比對結果 123 4-4-3 菌株sol-p-3-2之16S rDNA定序及序列資料庫比對結果 124 4-4-4 本實驗分離出其它效果較佳之本土性異營硝化菌株16S rDNA序列資料庫比對結果 126 4-5 以矽膠管間接通氣配合密閉式連續監測反應系統進行同時硝化脱硝特性試驗結果 127 4-5-1控制不同通氣條件下菌株slg-c-6之懸浮批次試驗結果 128 4-5-2小結 138 4-6 以固定化擔體進行連續流試驗結果 139 4-6-1不同C/N ratio下之連續流試驗 139 4-6-2不同停留時間下之連續流試驗 143 4-6-3小結 146 4-7以添加自營性硝化菌提升同時硝化脱硝效率試驗 149 4-7-1不同固定化配置之矽膠管批次試驗 150 4-7-2固定化擔體連續流試驗試驗 153 4-7-3不同曝氣量之連續流試驗 154 4-7-4不同水力停留時間之連續流試驗 156 4-7-5不同碳氮比之連續流試驗 157 4-7-6不同無機碳源添加量之連續流試驗 158 4-7-7固定化擔體經連續操作之菌相分析結果 159 4-7-8小結 162 第5章 結論與建議 163 參考文獻 16711184188 bytesapplication/pdfen-US同時硝化脫硝廢水處裡固定化異營硝化SNDwastewater treatmentimmobilizaionheterotrophic nitrificaion特殊氮細菌之分離及其於同時去除廢水中碳氮之研究Isolation of specific nitrogen-bacteria and studies on their applications for simultaneous carbon and nitrogen removal from wastewaterthesishttp://ntur.lib.ntu.edu.tw/bitstream/246246/62697/1/ntu-95-R89541131-1.pdf