Selvaraj B.Huang S.-S.Wu C.-E.Lin Y.-H.Wang C.-C.Song Y.-F.Lu M.-L.Sheu H.-S.Wu N.-L.2019-05-172019-05-17201825740962https://scholars.lib.ntu.edu.tw/handle/123456789/409035Designing metal/C nanocomposites has been a prevalent strategy to address the volume expansion issue of alloying metal Na-ion battery (NIB) anodes but typically suffers from poor volumetric capacity. Here, micrometer-sized nanoporous Sb/C anode with high volumetric capacity and outstanding electrochemical performance is successfully synthesized using facile synthesis of a new class of solid-state reduction chemistry. The resulting Sb/C composite, containing 10 wt % C, possesses the combination of unique structural characteristics, including (1) micrometer-sized secondary particle, enabling high particle density; (2) nanoscale Sb crystallites, permitting reversible phase transformation during cycling; and (3) uniformly distributed nanoporosity, providing accommodation for Sb expansion and facile Na-ion diffusion. The Sb/C composite anode, showing outstanding cycling stability, exhibits a gravimetric capacity of 436 mAh g -1 -(Sb+C), a volumetric capacity of 427 mAh cm -3 and over 80% capacity retention at nearly 5 C rate, all of which substantially excel those of the conventional C-based anodes. In situ transmission X-ray microscopy analysis reveals fracture-free reversible and considerably reduced deformation of the composite particles during the sodiation/desodiation cycle. The synthesis method demonstrates general applicability to developing other alloying metal anodes for NIBs, as well as Li-ion batteries. ? 2018 American Chemical Society.high-energy ball-millingporous Sb anodesodium-ion batterytap densityvolumetric capacity density[SDGs]SDG7Alloying; Anodes; Antimony; Ball milling; Charging (batteries); Crystallites; In situ processing; Lithium-ion batteries; Metal ions; Micrometers; Sodium alloys; Electrochemical performance; High-energy ball milling; In-situ transmission; Reversible phase transformations; Solid state reduction; Structural characteristics; Tap density; Volumetric capacity; Sodium-ion batteriesjournal article10.1021/acsaem.8b004162-s2.0-85063743402https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85063743402&doi=10.1021%2facsaem.8b00416&partnerID=40&md5=bcbd3893599d8464010bd9701a0bd0e9