Chen, Kuo-TaiKuo-TaiChenKim, Jin-SungJin-SungKimABEL PO-HAO HUANGLin, Martin Hsiu-ChuMartin Hsiu-ChuLinChen, Chien-MinChien-MinChen2024-01-302024-01-302023-032586-6583https://scholars.lib.ntu.edu.tw/handle/123456789/639366Endoscopic spine surgery (ESS) has evolved as a safe, effective, and efficient alternative for minimally invasive spine surgery (MISS). The innovation of full-endoscopic systems makes definitive decompression surgery through different approaches feasible. The approach can be determined according to the location of the target lesion or the surgeon's preference. During the past 2 decades, ESS has expanded its indications from lumbar to cervical spines. Except for decompression, endoscopy-assisted fusion surgery is also developing. However, ESS is still evolving and has a steep learning curve. The revolution of technologies and ESS techniques will enable surgeons to treat various spinal diseases more practically. In recent years, the application of the computer-assisted navigation system and augmented reality have reformed imaging quality and interpretation. The endoscopic rhizotomy techniques have opened a new way for MISS of chronic low back pain. This review introduces the current indications of ESS and its potential future expansion.enEndoscopicIndicationsMinimally invasiveRhizotomySpine[SDGs]SDG3journal article10.14245/ns.2346190.095370168522-s2.0-85153473385https://api.elsevier.com/content/abstract/scopus_id/85153473385