CHI-HSIN CHIU2023-12-112023-12-112024-07-0110780874https://scholars.lib.ntu.edu.tw/handle/123456789/637680https://www.scopus.com/record/display.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85177551855&origin=resultslistEmpirical studies on energy democracy (ED) tend to presume boundaries among community energy (CE) practices, corporate operations, and state leadership. This research note identifies three features underlying existing literature: an implicit binary thinking of state and society, the understated market influence, and a lack of urban features that enable ED functioning through spatial means. I therefore propose urban commons (UC) as a complementary framework to interrogate the interplay among the state, society, and market operations in CE research and practices. I examine how ED informs CE operations in Japan, Taiwan, and Korea, identifying a set of limitations to which UC can respond. Some latest thinking on UC and a body of strategies proposed by key interlocutors were discussed. I then propose “state-led, market-enabled commons” as a conceptual framework to account for urban civic energy initiatives in East Asia.community energyenergy democracyrenewable energy cooperativesurban commonsjournal article10.1177/107808742312160382-s2.0-85177551855https://api.elsevier.com/content/abstract/scopus_id/85177551855