Yu WangMana RogersYu-Ping HuangHeidi LeskinenPäivi SoppelaAnne TuomivaaraJuha HyvönenDaniela Barile2025-08-052025-08-052024-10-23https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/85210417815https://scholars.lib.ntu.edu.tw/handle/123456789/730993This study is the first to elucidate the milk oligosaccharide profile of globally distributed cattle breeds such as Holstein and Ayrshire, which are widely utilized in the dairy industry, with the endangered Northern Finncattle breed, native to Lapland, Finland. Oligosaccharides are sugars with complicated structures that play crucial roles in neonatal development and gut health. We investigated the variations in neutral, sialylated, and fucosylated oligosaccharides among these breeds. Although similar oligosaccharide distributions were observed in all breeds, Ayrshire milk was shown to contain oligosaccharides with more intricate structures, whereas Northern Finncattle and Holstein milk contained a higher level of sialylated oligosaccharides, which are known for their role in promoting brain development. Holstein had the lowest abundance of fucosylated oligosaccharides among the three breeds. These findings enhance our understanding of the milk composition of cattle breeds, which can inform breeding programs and dairy product development, ultimately contributing to improved nutritional and health outcomes in society. In addition, these findings indicate significantly different OS content in NF, which may inspire further preservation efforts based on enhancing genetic diversity.truecattle breeddairygenetic diversityliquid chromatography–mass spectrometrymilknative breedoligosaccharides[SDGs]SDG15journal article10.3390/biology131108552-s2.0-85210417815