2021-01-012024-05-13https://scholars.lib.ntu.edu.tw/handle/123456789/648484摘要：本計畫旨在環繞生計和貧富觀念，闡發戰國晚期以至西漢時期的社會經濟論述。歷史學界對古代經濟思想的討論有限；既有成果多出自經濟學者，在文獻解讀、掌握歷史脈絡以至概念運用上，常有時代錯置(anachronism)的缺憾。本計畫除了廣泛採取思想史的觀念與論述分析，也透過人類學和社會文化史取徑，探索古代中國心態與經濟活動的交光互影。 本計畫借重歷史學和人類學洞見，凸顯兩個概念以為研究之助。「工作」（work）是其中之一。「工作」是不同人文社會學科都感興趣的議題。本計畫將工作定義為藉以維生以至於追求特定目標的活動，是社會經濟生活的重要組成。在傳統文獻中，最合適的對應詞彙是「治生」和「生計」；如何考慮工作在個人與集體生活中的角色，則是古代經濟追求的核心關懷。本計畫不擬回答在古代中國，「工作」是什麼，而是試圖描繪當時人如何設想「工作」以至經濟追求。 另一個重要概念是“well-being”（多譯作福祉）。在現實生活中，它以許多形式出現，且往往是經由主觀感受和設想後，預期或給定的狀態。本研究將考察古代中國的相關詞彙和概念，提出對“well-being”的思考，特別是它與生計的關係，和關於貧富的認知與物質追求。 本計畫主要立基於對傳世文獻的創造性閱讀和解釋。傳世文獻經歷時代洪流的高度汰選性，可視作古人心靈活動的結晶或樣本。當然，出土資料包含許多古代生活細節，本計畫也將靈活運用相關材料，呈現社會生活與心態的互動。易言之，從經典、諸子、史傳以至出土材料，都是本計畫參酌使用的證據，以刻劃戰國時期政治、社會和思想風貌變遷，以及三世紀以降的觀念與思想論述如何回應秦漢時期的政治、社會變動。 本計畫將深入分析，公元前五世紀之後，貴族階層衰退，個人的經濟生活和經濟選擇，以及新的政治社會秩序，成為戰國秦漢歷史變遷的重要主題。戰國思想家多承認當時社會存在逐利之風，並討論此風氣和政治社會秩序間的關係。秦漢以來關於經濟生活的主要思考，更直接環繞著個人經濟追求和國家財政之間的緊張。隨著貴族時代關於身分和禮的規範不再適用，面對個人的勞動、財富和經濟需求，戰國秦漢的思想論述和社會心態也呈現不同的回應方式。 本計畫包含若干個案研究，涉及戰國晚期如何思考經濟追求、漢代的擇業行為與心態、漢代的貧富觀念，以及「數」在古代社會經濟論述中的角色。透過研究視角轉換和個案成果，本計畫可望為中國古代史和思想文化史做出新貢獻。<br> Abstract: This project aims to investigate livelihood, the notions of wealth and poverty, andthe socio-economic discourse from the late Warring States period to the Western Han. As most of the studies on the Chinese economic thought are carried out by economists rather than historians, they normally fall short of the problem of anachronism. This project thus combines approaches drawn from intellectual history and socio-cultural history in order to dissect the interplay between economic activities and the contemporary mindset in early China. In addition to detailed readings and fresh interpretations of the received texts and a selection of excavated materials, two notions are underlined as conceptual tools for this project. One is “work,” defined in the project as ways to sustain lives and pursue certain goals, which can be soundly rendered as shengji/zhisheng in received texts. Another major notion is “well-being,” used to indicate various expectations and realties in relation to socio-economic ideals. Incorporating these notions into analyses, this project scrutinizes the multi-faceted interactions between economic pursuits and the contemporary mentality. This project argues that after the fifth century BCE, thriving economic pursuits among individuals and the emerging new socio-political order were among the most significant issues. Thinkers of the time were faced with these issues and offered different understandings of such a transition. From that point on to the Western Han, major concerns in socio-economic discourse includes the tension between personal searches for wealth and the state finance, the justification of economic pursuits, and the reflection on the relationship between labor and status. This project consists in a number of case studies, such as attitudes toward economic pursuits in the late Warring States period, the selection of profession and its underlying mentality in the Han, the ideas of wealth and poverty in the Han, and the role of “numbers” in socio-economic discourse in early China. Through new research angles and substantial case studies, this project will make fresh contributions to the study of early China as well as intellectual and sociocultural history in general.戰國時代秦漢時代生計貧富觀念經濟思想社會思想政治思想工作福祉勞動財富資源經濟生活古代經濟思想史社會史Warring States periodQin and Hanlivelihoodnotions of wealth and povertyeconomic thoughtsocial thoughtpolitical thoughtworkwell-beinglaborwealthresourceseconomic lifeancient economyintellectual historysocial history