Shankhwar KSmith S.SHANA SMITH2022-03-222022-03-22202213594338https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85123263343&doi=10.1007%2fs10055-022-00626-6&partnerID=40&md5=f8818dc6911a43e70da92ed785ad4d32https://scholars.lib.ntu.edu.tw/handle/123456789/599003Extended reality (XR) technology has been proven an effective human–computer interaction tool to increase the perception of presence. The purpose of this study is to develop an interactive XR-based welding tutorial system to enhance the learning and hands-on skills of novice welders. This study is comprised of two parts: (1) fundamental manual metal arc welding (MMAW) science and technology tutoring in a virtual reality (VR)-based environment, and (2) hands-on welding training in a mixed reality (MR)-based environment. Using the developed tutorial system, complicated welding process and the effects of welding process parameters on weld bead geometry can be clearly observed and comprehended by using a 3D interactive user interface. Visual aids and quantitative guidance are displayed in real time to guide novice welders through the correct welding procedure and help them to maintain a proper welding position. A user study was conducted to evaluate the learnability, workload, and usability of the system. Results show that users obtained significantly better performance by using the XR-based welding tutorial system, compared to those who were trained using the conventional classroom training method. ? 2022, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag London Ltd., part of Springer Nature.Extended realityManual metal arc weldingMixed realityQuantitative guidanceVirtual realityVisual aidsGas metal arc weldingHuman computer interactionUser interfacesWeldsInteraction toolsManual metal arcsMetal arc weldingTutorial systemWelding training[SDGs]SDG3[SDGs]SDG4journal article10.1007/s10055-022-00626-62-s2.0-85123263343