廖中明臺灣大學：生物環境系統工程學研究所羅文彰Luo, Wen-ChangWen-ChangLuo2007-11-272018-06-292007-11-272018-06-292004http://ntur.lib.ntu.edu.tw//handle/246246/56015本研究採用已發表之亞熱帶各時段/季節不同粒徑氣懸真菌量測濃度和氣象數據資料，並結合以相對溼度與生物氣膠氣動直徑和氣懸真菌濃度的函數關係之吸濕成長因子為基礎的不同粒徑室內/室外比模式與區塊理論肺部模式，描述自然通風住家中氣懸真菌濃度室內/室外/人體暴露之關聯性。研究推導指出室內氣懸真菌最大濃度產生之粒徑範圍為0.65~2.5 μm，夏季室外氣懸真菌幾何平均粒徑為2.58 ± 0.37μm，室內則減低為1.91 ± 0.12 μm；而冬季室外為2.79 ± 0.32 μm，室內則減低為1.73 ± 0.10 μm。較高的室內氣懸真菌濃度發生在凌晨2點與晚上8點，兩時段50百分位數值在夏季分別為699和626 CFU m-3，在冬季則為138和99 CFU m-3。在無室內污染源之情況下，夏季氣懸真菌濃度室內/室外比為0.29~0.58，較冬季之0.12~0.16高。夏季肺部各區塊氣懸真菌濃度肺部/室內比，由高至低依序為鼻腔區之0.7 ~ 0.8、氣管/支氣管區之0.41~0.60、細微支氣管區之0.12~0.40和肺泡區之0.01~0.24。最高沈積劑量發生在夏季晚上11點至凌晨5點間，肺泡區塊95百分位數沈積劑量為4600 CFU，其中沈降速率為0.22 CFU s-1。By using the published temporal/seasonal and particle size distribution of outdoor airborne fungi data and meteorological information in the subtropical climate, we characterized the airborne fungal concentration indoor/outdoor/personal exposure relationships in a wind-induced naturally ventilated residence. We applied a size-dependent indoor/ outdoor ratio model coupled with a compartmental lung model based on a hygroscopic growth factor as a function of relative humidity on aerodynamic diameter of bioaerosol and concentration of fungal spores. We estimated that the maximum concentrations of indoor airborne fungi occurred in the size range of 0.65 - 2.5 μm. The average geometric mean diameters of airborne fungi decreased from outdoor 2.58 ± 0.37 to indoor 1.91 ± 0.12 μm in summer, whereas decreased from outdoor 2.79 ± 0.32 to indoor 1.73 ± 0.10 μm in winter. The higher indoor airborne fungal concentrations occurred in early morning and late afternoon in which median values were 699 and 626 CFU m-3 in summer as well as 138 and 99 CFU m-3 in winter, respectively, at 2 a.m. and 8 p.m. In the absence of indoor sources, summer has higher mean indoor/outdoor ratios of airborne fungal concentration (0.29 – 0.58) than that in winter (0.12 – 0.16). Lung region of extrathoracic (ET) has higher fungal concentration lung/indoor ratios (0.7 – 0.8) than that in bronchial (BB) (0.41 – 0.60), bronchiolar (bb) (0.12 – 0.40), and alveolar-interstitial (AI) (0.01 – 0.24) regions. The highest airborne fungal deposition dose (95th-percentile is 4600 CFU) occurred in 23:00 – 05:00 in summer in region AI with 95th-percentile fungal deposition rate of 0.22 CFU s-1.中文摘要…………………………………………….…………………I ABSTRACT …………………..………………...………………..… Ⅱ 目錄………………………………………………..…………………III 表目錄…………………………………………………….……………V 圖目錄……………………………………………………..…………Ⅵ 符號說明……………………………..………………..……………Ⅷ 壹、前言…………………………..……………………………………1 貳、研究動機與目的…………………………………….…………….4 2.1 研究動機…………………………..…………………..………4 2.2 研究目的………………………..………………………..……5 參、文獻回顧…………………………………………………………..6 3.1真菌……………………………………………………………6 3.1.1來源……….……………………………..…………….6 3.1.2基本特性………………………..……………....……..7 3.1.3影響真菌生長的環境因子…………….……..……….7 3.1.4 真菌毒素與健康效應…………………………………10 3.1.5 真菌之評估標準………………………...……………13 3.2真菌的成長與室內外關係………..…………………………14 3.2.1 真菌濃度變化…………………………...……………14 3.2.2 真菌粒徑變化……………………...……….…………17 3.2.3 真菌室內外關係………………………………………19 3.3 物理機制與數理模式回顧……………….…..………………22 3.3.1 真菌與PM的關係……………………………………22 3.3.2 真菌的物理機制………………………………………22 3.3.3 通風空間中PM與真菌傳輸模式……………...……..25 3.3.4 人體呼吸道PM與真菌傳輸模式……………………35 肆、材料與方法………………….……………………..……………40 4.1 戶外氣懸真菌濃度與氣象資料量測 …………..…………..40 4.2 模式發展………………………………………….…………..46 4.2.1 模式假設…………………………………..………..…46 4.2.2 自然通風空間中氣懸真菌濃度室內/室外比…...……47 4.2.2.1 動態方程式…………………..……………….47 4.2.2.2 相對溼度對氣懸真菌的影響..……………….49 4.2.2.3 沈澱速率……………………..……………….53 4.2.2.4 空氣交換率…………………..……………….55 4.2.2.5 開口有效性…………………..……………….55 4.2.3 氣懸真菌濃度肺部/室內比.…………………..…….57 4.2.3.1 動態方程式………………………….………..57 4.2.3.2速率方程參數………………………..……….63 4.2.3.3吸入劑量模式…….………………………….66 4.2.3.4氣懸真菌濃度肺部/室內比….……………….67 4.3 不確定性分析……………………………….………………..69 伍、結果與討論………………………………………………………70 5.1 輸入參數…………………………………………….………..70 5.2 模擬結果…………………………………………..……..…...73 5.2.1氣懸真菌濃度室內/室外比…………...…………..…..73 5.2.2氣懸真菌濃度肺部/室內比.…………..……………….86 5.2.3 氣懸真菌沉澱分量及累積劑量………..……………...98 5.3 討論………………………………………………………….102 5.3.1氣懸真菌室內/室外之關聯...……………………....…103 5.3.2氣懸真菌室內/人體暴露之關聯...…………..……..…111 5.3.3模式基本假設與未考慮因子分析...…………..……...113 陸、結論與建議……………………………………….…………….116 6.1 結論………………………………………….………………116 6.2 建議…………………………………………….……………119 6.3未來研究方向………………………………….……………121 參考文獻…………………………………………………..………..123 附錄A: Positive hole conversion table MAS-100…………..1361186346 bytesapplication/pdfen-US氣懸真菌自然通風溼度吸濕生物氣膠沈降BioaerosolHumidityAirborne fungusDepositionHygroscopicNatural ventilationthesishttp://ntur.lib.ntu.edu.tw/bitstream/246246/56015/1/ntu-93-R91622036-1.pdf