林正芳臺灣大學：環境工程學研究所蕭啟鴻Hsiao, Chi-HungChi-HungHsiao2007-11-292018-06-282007-11-292018-06-282004http://ntur.lib.ntu.edu.tw//handle/246246/62656積垢一直是薄膜操作的關鍵問題，積垢會降低滲流率、增加操作成本及減少薄膜操作在淨水程序的競爭性，其程度受到薄膜材質、進流液濃度與水質的影響。特別在長時間操作時，更可發現積垢對於滲流率的影響；換言之，積垢阻力在薄膜操作的過程中逐漸增加。為得到較高的過濾效率，故需研究積垢阻力的組成。本研究以三種相異疏水性的進流液進行薄膜操作，並將實驗結果套用於阻力串聯模式，以分析不同疏水性進流液對於積垢阻力的影響。 首先依操作型定義，使用DAX-8樹脂將商用腐植酸分離成親水性與疏水性兩類。再以親水性、疏水性及腐植酸溶液作為超過濾薄膜實驗的進流液，進行24小時操作，量測滲流液與殘留液的流量與濃度，觀察超過濾薄膜的去除效率和滲流率衰減。最後，將滲流率套用於阻力串聯模式，以分析相異疏水性進流液對薄膜積垢阻力的影響。 由分離結果發現疏水性水樣為商用腐植酸的主要部份，以一克商用腐植酸溶於一升水時，其分離結果疏水性水樣約佔90%，故知疏水性水樣與腐植酸溶液的性質相近。觀察滲流率變化，滲流率衰減最劇烈者為親水性水樣，其滲流率最低可達初始滲流率之9%，表示親水性物質與薄膜表面有高親和力，較易發生積垢問題；而疏水性與腐植酸溶液的滲流率衰減情形相近，且皆低於親水性水樣。 應用阻力串聯模式分析阻力，發現總阻力最高者為親水性水樣；分析薄膜阻力組成，可回復阻力佔了總阻力值的14%至47%，表示薄膜表面的積垢對於過濾的影響重大；本質阻力與可回復阻力的和，在腐植酸、疏水性水樣中，佔總阻力的比例大多超過50%，表示吸附現象在腐植酸、疏水性水樣中並非主要積垢機制。Fouling is a critical issue during membrane operation. It may reduce permeate flux, lower treatment effeciency, increase operation cost, decrease membrane competitiveness against conventional water treatment process. Fouling level is influenced by membrane material, transmembrane pressure, feed concentration, and water quality. During membrane operation, fouling phenomena will cause acute flux decline. In other words, fouling resistances will rise during the operation. Therefore, to provide better UF efficiency, fouling resistances(R) development should be studied deliberately. The objective of the research is to analyze the fouling resistances during membrane operation. Three feed with diverse hydrophobicity are filtrated with UF membrane, and the result is analyzed to assess fouling significance in the research. DAX-8 resin was used to isolate hydrophobic and hydrophilic compounds from commercial humic acid solution. The hydrophobic sample held most dissolved organic carbon, and little DOC was retained in hydrophilic sample. Acute flux decline was observed in the hydrophilic sample during UF operation. This may imply that hydrophilic sample had more sensitiveness to fouling, higher affinity to the membrane stuff, and greater fouling resistances. Afterwards, fouling resistances were analyzed with series resistances model. The total fouling resistance was divided into four group, and each one represented diverse obstacle during UF operation. It is observed that the highest total resistance(Rtotal) arose in hydrophilic sample group runs. Thus, it implies that the hydrophilic sample has the most foulants on the membrane. On the other hand, there is no significant diversity between the Rtotal of hydrophobic and humic acid groups. This matches the isolation result, which means that the hydrophobic sample and humic acid solution have similar compositions. In fouling resistances analysis, the reversible resistance(Rr) is from 14% and 47% of Rtotal, while non-adsorptive resistance, sum of membrane R and reversible R, is over 50% of Rtotal in most runs with hydrophobic and humic acid group. Therefore, adsorption phenomenon may not be the major fouling mechanism in hydrophobic and humic acid group.謝誌 I 摘要 II Abstract III 目錄 V 圖目錄 IX 表目錄 XI 表目錄 XI 第一章 前言 1 1.1研究緣起 2 1.2研究內容 3 第二章 文獻回顧 5 2.1 水中天然有機物與腐植質特性 5 2.1.1 水中天然有機物之組成 5 2.1.2 腐植質的基本性質 7 2.1.3 天然有機物與腐植質之親、疏水性特性 8 2.1.4 親、疏水性有機物對淨水工程的影響 9 2.2疏水性樹脂 10 2.2.1 疏水性樹脂分離原理 10 2.2.2 疏水性樹脂分離水樣之應用 12 2.3 薄膜處理程序 12 2.3.1 薄膜的種類 12 2.3.2 薄膜應用的限制與缺點 15 2.3.3 薄膜於淨水工程的應用 17 2.4 影響薄膜滲流率的因子 18 2.4.1 薄膜特性 19 2.4.2 進流液特性 22 2.4.3 操作參數 24 2.5 薄膜滲流率推估模式 26 2.5.1 阻塞模式 26 2.5.2 質傳模式與滲透壓模式 29 2.5.3 膠體層模式 30 2.5.4 阻力串聯模式 32 第三章 實驗材料與方法 36 3.1 實驗內容 36 3.1.1 實驗方法 36 3.1.2 實驗的進流液參數 37 3.1.3 實驗的薄膜參數 38 3.2 腐植酸溶液之配製 39 3.3 親疏水性水樣的製備 40 3.3.1 疏水性樹脂進行水樣分離實驗 40 3.3.2 疏水性樹脂分離設備與藥品 42 3.4 實驗裝置 42 3.4.1 薄膜模組 42 3.4.2 薄膜過濾裝置 44 3.5 實驗步驟與方法 45 3.5.1薄膜預處理 45 3.5.2 薄膜過濾實驗 46 3.6 分析儀器設備 46 3.7 阻力串聯模式與各阻力之分析 48 第四章 結果與討論 49 4.1 疏水性樹脂分離結果 49 4.2 薄膜背景實驗 51 4.3 薄膜過濾實驗 53 4.3.1 薄膜孔徑MWCO 100 kDa薄膜過濾實驗 54 4.3.2 薄膜孔徑MWCO 10 kDa薄膜過濾實驗 60 4.3.3 親水性水樣薄膜過濾實驗 64 4.3.4 疏水性水樣薄膜過濾實驗 67 4.3.5 腐植酸溶液薄膜過濾實驗 70 4.3.6 薄膜過濾實驗的初始滲流率與最終滲流率 73 4.4 薄膜積垢阻力 74 第五章 結論與建議 84 5.1 結論 84 5.2 建議 85 參考文獻 86 附錄 901113050 bytesapplication/pdfen-US超過濾腐植酸阻力串聯模式阻力積垢親疏水性series resistances modelresistancesfoulinghydrophobichumic acidUFhydrophilicthesishttp://ntur.lib.ntu.edu.tw/bitstream/246246/62656/1/ntu-93-R91541111-1.pdf