Wang T.-S.TSEN-FANG TSAI2020-10-222020-10-2220140048-7554https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84908101411&doi=10.1515%2freveh-2014-0047&partnerID=40&md5=10d3be9fb72591ec5a84b0f927fa2e90https://scholars.lib.ntu.edu.tw/handle/123456789/517624Water is an ubiquitous irritant that exerts its irritancy through different mechanisms. Water passage and optimal water content is a highly controlled process of human skin and changes in the water gradient may lead to skin diseases. The pH, osmolarity, and temperature of water can all be attributes of water irritancy. In addition, the irritancy of water is also determined by individual susceptibility. ? 2014 by De Gruyter 2014.[SDGs]SDG3irritant agent; water; drug effects; osmolarity; pH; skin; temperature; toxicity; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Irritants; Osmolar Concentration; Skin; Temperature; Waterjournal article10.1515/reveh-2014-0047252749402-s2.0-84908101411