林宗賢臺灣大學:電子工程學研究所劉耀鴻Liu, Yao-HongYao-HongLiu2010-07-142018-07-102010-07-142018-07-102009U0001-1108200920363800http://ntur.lib.ntu.edu.tw//handle/246246/189136在本篇論文中將介紹一個可用於植入式醫療用途之低功率射頻收發器。此收發器操作在400MHz的頻段，且在上傳及下傳的路徑上採用不同的調變方式以及傳輸率來達到最佳化。在下傳路徑上使用一個156kbps的ASK接收器，而在上傳路徑上則使用6Mbps GFSK、17.5Mbps OQPSK以及25Mbps HS-OQPSK三種發射器架構。第一章及第二章將先討論我們預定使用的醫療用途及收發器設計考量。第三章則介紹了常用的低功率收發器架構，包括超再生式接收器以及鎖相迴路式及混波器式直接調變發射器。四章首先會介紹用於下傳接收上，採用一個具有”三角積分脈寬數位器”之超再生式ASK接收器。此三角積分脈寬數位器是相當於用於脈寬領域上之三角積分調變器，它可以達到0.23ns的脈寬偵測解析度。整體接收器消耗900uW，在156kbps的接收率時可以達到-78dBm的接收靈敏度。後在第五章及第六章將會分別介紹用於上傳發射之FSK/PSK雙模發射器。首先，第五章討論一個可做G/FSK上傳調變之”三角積分相位旋轉器”。經由適當的選取鎖相迴路輸出之多項位訊號，此三角積分相位旋轉器可以等效合成具有高頻率解析度之頻率調變器。此G/FSK發射器消耗9mW且可輸出-11dBm的功率，在最大6Mbps的傳輸率下可達到1.5nJ/bit的能量效率。然而在第六章則介紹一個OQPSK發射器，它可以使用三角積分相位旋轉器中的”相位選擇器”，直接選擇四相位訊號中的其中一相位輸出來達成OQPSK調變。此OQPSK發射器消耗3.5mW，在最大17.5Mbps的傳輸率時此發射器可以達到200pJ/bit的能量效率並可輸出-8dBm的輸出功率。了更進一步的改善OQPSK發射器的頻譜效率，第七章提出一個將”內嵌FIR之相位選擇器”來將OQPSK調變做時域半弦濾波，因此可以將OQPSK調變之旁帶能量降低。此發射器架構消耗1.4mW(不含鎖相迴路)且可達到最大25Mbps的傳輸率。最後，第八章將會提供此論文的總結。A low-power radio transceiver designed for implantable medical applications is presented in this dissertation. These transceivers operate at around 400-MHz band and utilize different modulation schemes and data rate between downlink and uplink. A low-data-rate ASK RX is presented for downlink reception; while high-data-rate GFSK, OQPSK and HS-OQPSK TXs are demonstrated for uplink transmission. Chapter 1 and Chapter 2 will firstly discuss the targeted medical applications as well as the design requirements for the medical transceivers.n Chapter 3, several low-power transceiver architectures are introduced, including a super-regenerative receiver, mixer-based and PLL-base direct-modulation transmitters.ownlink reception adopted a super-regenerative ASK RX with a proposed Delta-Sigma Pulse-Width-Digitizer (DS-PWD) will be presented in Chapter 4. The DS-PWD can be considered as a pulse-width-domain counterpart of a conventional Delta-Sigma modulator which can suppress quantization jitter by 22 dB and achieve a pulse-width detection resolution of 0.23 ns. The whole receiver consumes 900 uW. With a 156-kbps data rate, the RX achieves -78-dBm sensitivity. hapter 5 and Chapter 6 will then present a MUX-based dual-mode uplink TX. First, a Sigma-Delta Phase Rotator (SD-PR) designed for G/FSK uplink transmission is discussed in Chapter 4. By properly combining the multi-phase signals from the PLL output, the SD-PR can effectively synthesize frequency modulation signals with fine-resolution frequencies. The proposed G/FSK TX consumes 9 mW and delivers -11-dBm output power. With a maximum data rate of 6-Mbps, the G/FSK TX achieves 1.5-nJ/bit energy efficiency. Chapter 6 presents an energy-efficient OQPSK TX which can also be implemented with the SD-PR proposed in Chapter 5, by directly selecting one of the quadrature phases through the Phase MUX. The whole OQPSK TX dissipates 3.5 mW. With a maximum data rate of 17.5 Mbps, the OQPSK TX achieves an energy efficiency of 200 pJ/bit and is capable of delivering an output power up to -8 dBm.n order to further improve the spectral efficiency of previous MUX-based OQPSK transmitter, Chapter 7 proposed a FIR-embedded Phase-MUX which allows to half-sine shape the OQPSK modulation; thus reducing the side-lobe energy of OQPSK modulation. The proposed HS-OQPSK TX (without PLL) consumes 1.4 mW and achieves 25-Mbps data rate. Finally, Chapter 8 will summarize and conclude this dissertation.謝辭 iiicknowledgement iv文摘要 vbstract viiontents ixist of Figures xiiist of Tables xvhapter 1 Introduction 1.1 Implantable Bio-Medical Applications 1.1.1 Wireless Capsule Endoscope 2.1.2 Multi-Channel Neural Recording 2.2 Dissertation Organization 3hapter 2 Wireless Interface and Design Requirements 5.1 Asymmetrical Transceiver Architecture 5.2 Data Rate Requirements 6.3 Operation Frequency Band for Implantable Transceivers 7.4 Modulation Schemes 8.5 Link Budget Analysis 9hapter 3 Introduction to Low-Power RF Transceiver Architectures 13.1 Super-Regenerative Receiver Architecture 13.2 Low-Power Direct-Conversion RF Transmitter Architectures 17.2.1 Mixer-Based Direct-Conversion Transmitters 17.2.2 PLL-Based Direct-Conversion Transmitters 18hapter 4 A Super-regenerative ASK Downlink Receiver with A DS Pulse-Width Digitizer 21.1 Introduction 21.2 Proposed DS Pulse-Width Digitizer Architecture 21.3 Analysis of the DS Pulse-Width Digitizer 27.3.1 Linear Model of the DS-PWD 28.3.2 Pulse-Width Quantization Noise of DS-PWD 30.3.3 Non-idealities and Design Considerations in The DS-PWD 32.4 Circuit Implementations 33.4.1 Low Noise Amplifier (LNA) and Digital-Controlled-Oscillator (DCO) 33.4.2 Complementary Differential Envelope Detector and Limiter 35.4.3 Charge Pump and Loop Capacitor 37.4.4 Single-bit Clocked Quantizer 38.4.5 Quench Timing Controller (QTC) 39.4.6 Digital Baseband 40.5 Experimental Results 41.6 Conclusion 47hapter 5 A MUX-based Dual-mode Uplink Transmitter: G/FSK Mode 49.1 Introduction 49.2 Proposed G/FSK Transmitter Architecture 49.3 Noise Analysis of the Proposed SD-PR 53.3.1 SD-PR Noise 53.3.2 Noise Analysis of the Proposed TX with SD-PR 55.4 Circuit Implementations 56.4.1 High-speed Glitch-free Phase Controller (PC) 56.4.2 High-speed Digital 2nd-order SD Modulator 61.4.3 Digital G/FSK Modulator 62.4.4 VCO 62.4.5 Frequency Synthesizer and Clock Plan 64.5 Experimental Results 66.6 Conclusion 74hapter 6 A MUX-based Dual-mode Uplink Transmitter: Offset-QPSK Mode 75.1 Introduction of Offset-QPSK Modulation 75.2 Proposed O-QPSK Transmitter Architecture 76.3 Circuit Implementation 77.3.1 Phase MUX 78.3.2 Inverter-Type Power Amplifier 79.3.3 Digital O-QPSK Modulator 81.4 Design Considerations of the MUX-Based O-QPSK Transmitter 82.4.1 Quadrature Mismatch 82.4.2 Non-ideal Switching of the Data Switches 83.4.3 Offset of the LO Switches 85.4.4 Non-linearity 86.5 Experimental Results 86.6 Conclusion 92hapter 7 An FIR-embedded MUX-based Transmitter for Half-sine Shaping O-QPSK Modulation 95.1 Introduction 95.2 Proposed HS-OQPSK Transmitter 96.3 Experimental Results and Conclusion 99.4 Conclusion 102hapter 8 Conclusion 103ppendix A Chip Description 113.1 MUX-Based Dual-Mode Transmitter 113.2 Asymmetrical Transceiver: ASK Super-Reg. RX and HS-OQPSK TX 115eferences 105ublication List 1112671441 bytesapplication/pdfen-US植入式生醫元件低功率射頻收發器超再生接收器三角積分頻率合成器鎖相迴路FSKPSKHalf-sine shaping OQPSKbio-medical implantable deviceslow-power RF transceiverssuper-regenerative receiverssigma-deltafrequency synthesizersphase-locked loop (PLL)[SDGs]SDG7thesishttp://ntur.lib.ntu.edu.tw/bitstream/246246/189136/1/ntu-98-D93943017-1.pdf