郭斯傑臺灣大學：土木工程學研究所張鴻展Chang,, Hung-ChanHung-ChanChang2007-11-252018-07-092007-11-252018-07-092007http://ntur.lib.ntu.edu.tw//handle/246246/50226摘要 國內業界對營建技術工一向秉持不直接僱用模式，因此模板工程長期以來都採用外包方式經營，經由數家專業小包在成本、品質與效率之競價考量下決定承攬之小包。近年來由於模板工程之勞工逐漸老化及減少，新進工人參與率大幅降低，模板工程之價格完全因進度要求、品質及市場供需受制於小包，而無法依據生產力之分析正確的反應成本，以致於模板價格無法讓業界穩定的掌控。經本研究調查模板單價為例，三年前之均價每平方公尺為265元而今每平方公尺之均價為450元以上。 本研究以現場實地觀察記錄方式對大台北地區銀河水都、新天地、大學風呂、紫京城及未來城A、B兩標，六個工程個案總樓地板共計五十萬平方公尺較具規模代表性之民間集合住宅建築工地實地調查，以傳統模板施工之模式進行生產力量測。在進度要求前題之下，模板使用套數、出工人數之完成數量、模板材料組成、五金耗材統計、廢料清運處理、工具損耗、剩餘材料運搬、堆放及保養等八個因子作為統計生產力之依據，充分了解其工作內涵及執行情形。並對管理者及參與技術工做深入訪談。 經分析初步成果，模板工程使用之材料無論在板模的系統化訂製、五金螺栓結繫配件、鋼製背撐材料強化及輕量化、電動工具及楊重設備之使用應該使生產力堤昇。調查分析生產力由五年前之15平方公尺/人日卻反而降低至12平方公尺/人日。深入訪談發現目前勞工平均年齡已屆50歲，且55歲以上勞工約佔總模板工之百分之五十；模板工程在沒有年輕人投入，隨著模板工之高齡化已嚴重影響模板之產能。本研究之結果使業界正視勞工高齡化及短缺之問題，對未來營運方針、成本管控及營建管理有所助益。Abstract The construction industry in Taiwan always use the indirect employment pattern to hire the construction technicians, instead out sourcing operation has been used for framework engineering work, through the competition of several professional subcontractors regarding to cost, quality and efficiency, the winning subcontractor is decided. During recent years, due to the aging and reduction in the number of labors in framework engineering, and the reduction in the number of new labors; the price of framework engineering is completely controlled by such factors as progress requirement, quality and supply and demand of the market by the sub- contractor; therefore. The productivity analysis can not precisely reflect the cost, and the construction professionals can not control the price of framework engineering. According to the investigation of this study, taking the unit price of framework engineering as an example, 3 years ago, the average price was NT＄265/m2, but today, it is more than NT＄450/m2. This study conducted on site investigations of 6 construction cases as Silver River Front, the New World, University Plaza, The Forbidden City, and the Future City A and B in the greater Taipei area, the total flooring areas of the abovementioned 6 construction cases are 500,000m2 which represented the typical congregate housing construction. The study on productivity according to the traditional framework engineering was also included. Under the prerequisite of progress requirement, 8 factors such as the sets of framework used, the number of labors, the composition of framework material, the statistics of the metal hardware consumption, the processing of wastes, the loss and wearing of equipments, the transportation and removal of residual materials, storage and maintenance were used as the basis for productivity analyses in order to fully understand the content and implementation of the study. Interviews were also conducted to the managers and technicians. According to the analysis of preliminary results, it indicated that the systematic order of the framework materials and the applications of metal screw components, the reinforcement and lightweight of the steel-back supporting materials, the electro-equipment and weight-lifting equipment would help to upgrade the productivity. The analysis of this study showed that 5-years ago, and the productivity was 15 m2/man-day, but the figure reduced to 12 m2/man.day at present. Through interviews, we know that the average age of labor is 50 years old today, and labors more than 45 years old account for about 50% of the total labor force; without the participation of young men in framework engineering, coupled with the aging of the present labor force, which would influence the productivity in framework engineering greatly. The result of this study would make the professionals look at the problems of aging and shortage of labor seriously, and would be helpful to the management strategy in the future, cost control and overall construction management.目錄 口試委員審定書 i 誌謝 ii 中文摘要 iii 英文摘要 iv 第一章 緒論 1 1.1 研究動機 1 1.2 研究目的 2 1.3 研究範圍 3 1.4研究方法與流程 3 第二章 文獻回顧 6 2.1鋼筋混凝土構造特性 6 2.1.1 模板工程發展重要性 6 2.1.2 多套模組之定義 8 2.1.3 模板工程改善發展障礙 9 2.2 生產力文獻 12 2.2.1生產力定義 12 2.2.2生產力之量測方式 13 2.2.3模板生產力之工率 15 第三章 模板工程現況探討 17 3.1大環境因素 17 3.1.1房地產景氣遲滯 17 3.1.2營造業不景氣 18 3.1.3營造業人力萎縮 19 3.2 模板工程作業特性 20 3.2.1 模板工程營造廠商採用外包方式經營 20 3.2.2模主為世襲或合資擁有 21 3.2.3採取分包代工或點工方式運作 22 3.2.4模板五金建材改善 23 3.2.5需擁有大面積場所堆置材料 26 3.2.6廢料多無法資源回收 27 3.3 建築工程模板作業人員的背景特徵 31 3.3.1組織演變 31 3.3.2教育程度低 33 3.3.3使用工具簡單輕便 34 3.3.4工作場所更換快速 35 3.3.5戶外性工作且危險性高 35 3.3.6身體污穢、不舒服 36 3.3.7從業人員老化 36 第四章 生產力分析 38 4.1 工地計量法 38 4.1.1工地實際記錄 39 4.2模板材料之重複使用與五金耗損 47 4.2.1模板材料之重複使用 47 4.2.2五金之耗損 50 4.2.3工具使用及損耗 51 4.3搬運與貯存 52 4.3.1施工之小搬運 52 4.3.2模板料運輸、貯存、維護及廢料處理 53 4.4案例分析 54 4.4.1案例一 54 4.4.2案例二 55 4.4.3案例三 57 4.4.4案例四 58 4.4.5案例五 59 4.4.6案例六 60 4.5訪談記錄 61 4.5.1模板價格受至於市場機制 62 4.5.2平均年齡趨向高齡化 62 4.5.3施工模式改變 64 4.5.4對生產力反向的邏輯觀 66 第五章結論與建議 67 5.1 結論 67 5.2 建議 68 參考文獻 69 附錄一核發建築物建造執照按用途別分 72 附錄二核發建築物使用執照按用途別分 73 附錄三勞動力按性別、教育程度分 74 附錄四台北市工務局建管處公文 75 附錄五營造業各業受僱員工人數、平均每人月薪資 76 附錄六歷年模板發包價格表 77 附錄七模板數量統計表 783758528 bytesapplication/pdfen-US集合住宅模板工程生產力Residential BuildingsConstruction FormworkProductivity[SDGs]SDG11thesishttp://ntur.lib.ntu.edu.tw/bitstream/246246/50226/1/ntu-96-P92521714-1.pdf