2014-08-012024-05-14https://scholars.lib.ntu.edu.tw/handle/123456789/655847摘要：本計畫企圖以十九世紀中葉以降達爾文進化論與達爾頓優生學對於科技介入生命的思考為出發點，佐以傅柯、阿岡本、艾斯特濟多與羅斯的當代生命政治理論，企圖在十九世紀末的英國小說創作脈絡中，檢視醫療與生物科技互動衍生的生命政治與生命倫理議題與發展。 本計畫規劃鎖定英國小說家威爾斯（H. G. Wells）與史蒂文生（R. L. Stevenson）以及他們的代表作品《世界大戰》（The War of the Worlds）與《莫洛醫師的島嶼》（The Island of Doctor Moreau）、《變身怪醫》（Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde）以及他生涯晚期的南太平洋創作與遊記，並將小說創作置放在達爾文演化論與達爾頓優生學炙熱方酣的理論誕生背景比對閱讀，分別探討醫學科技的進步顯具的希望科技與生命政治的議題。本計劃企圖將小說置放於醫學史與科學史的發展脈絡，討論區隔人與動物、優質與低劣、標準與變態的界線，並透過檢視衡量標準的制定與產生過程，探究維多利亞社會衡量裁定生命形式優劣的衡量標準，並檢視優質物種繁衍論的產生，藉由對於所有生命形式的全盤管理，達到鼓勵優勢物種與抑制劣等品種的目標。在這樣的想像中，生命的品質可以被衡量度測，生命可以在追求集體利益與創造美好未來的目標下被規劃，在這樣的前提下，生命不但可以管控與改良，也可以被利用與犧牲。 在生命控制與生命延續等倫理關懷上，本計畫期望透過跨越文學與醫學社會史的閱讀角度，探討醫療的發展對於未來生命樣貌的期待與恐懼。不同年代的讀者必對當代的生命權力有不同的理解與期待，伴隨著不同年代的科技演進，也必然連結到對當代局勢的焦慮與恐懼，因此，探究小說中生命操受操控的想像，也必然決定人類集體思考在下一個世代量身訂做與自我介入的生命樣貌以及決定性的倫理考量。檢視人類社會在醫療發展的脈絡發展，可以得知人類社會在醫學發展下逐漸醫療化（medicalization）的趨勢，重讀與醫學史錯動痕跡頗深的文學作品，也是在檢視代表啟蒙精神的醫療科技與醫事操作在社會醫療化演進階段階程上扮演的關鍵角色。 <br> Abstract: Late Victorian popular fiction often reveals a dark fantasy of how lives could be produced, managed and, hopefully, advanced. For example, The Island of Doctor Moreau, H. G. Wells’ science fiction classic, opens up a terrifying world of a doctor who plays an evil god and cruelly creates a collection of monstrosities. The War of the Worlds unveils an Armageddon vision of destruction by a higher civilization. Similarly, Robert Louis Stevenson’s Strange Case of Dr. Jykell and Mr. Hyde, a dark fantasy of malleable and gullible personalities, presents a world of complicated makings of beings that are highly changeable and impressible both upwards and downwards on the spectrum of evolution. His travel writings on South Pacific islands reveal an astonished realization of the “powers that be” of the natives. Both works of Wells and Stevenson highlight a bizarre mix of imagination and philosophical meandering that was not exclusive to their literary creativities but to be shared by a scientific melieu of the late Victorian period: an enlightened mentality of excitement based on brimming yet shaky confidence in the malleability of lives. The real source of Wells’ horror of science and Steveon’s thrill of technology could be masterly situated in his resonance with the growing public interest concerning the possibilities and limits of science. This research project discusses the challenge on the distinctions between men and beast, normalcy and abnormality in light of medical development of evolution, eugenics, animal right movements and anti-vaccination movements. This project explores the process and paradigm of how the distinction was formulated and secured. As Victorian evolution and eugenics proposed a way to evaluate life forms, an urgent need is created in practices of governing, balancing and exalting lives to be embodied in the expectation of manageable and improvable lives. This two-year project attempts to read the complicated entanglement of Wells’ and Stevenson’s literary creation alone with Charles Darwon’s evolution and Francis Dalton’s eugenics in light of contemporary reflections of biopolitics and bioethics, mostly found in works of Foucault, Agamben, Esposito and Rose. By Examining the tradition of the creation and manipulation of life in English novels, this project aims at revealing the ethical and political concerns in accordance with the Victorian development of medicine and life science. Starting from a comparative study of Charles Darwin’s evolution theory and Francis Dalton’s eugenics theories in the nineteenth century, this project would conduct a contrapuntal reading of medical development of microbiology in the late nineteenth century in accordance with contemporary literary creations. The scientific development of archetypal bioscience and biotechnology could be masterly situated in his resonance with the growing public interest concerning the possibilities and limits of science. This research project discusses the challenge on the distinctions between men and beast, normalcy and abnormality in light of medical development of eugenics, animal right movements and anti-vaccination movements. This research project also explores the process and paradigm of how the distinction was formulated and secured. As Victorian eugenics proposed a way to evaluate life forms, an urgent need is created in practices of governing, balancing and exalting lives to be embodied in the expectation of manageable and improvable lives. This project intends to study the brave new world of life science and medical development as represented in major literary works. I argue that studies of life science provide us a chance to examine the makings of the human, and more importantly, the inhuman. As we recognize in the practice of biotechnology a trend to transform life into mechanical, manufactured and replicated that is to be easily-made, tailor-made and easily-forsaken, we will realize that life is preserved in an economy of barbarity in which there is nowhere to run.演化優生醫療化生命政治威爾斯史蒂文生evolutioneugenicsmedicalisationbiopoliticsWellsStevenson