Chou, Yi-RouYi-RouChouFU-REN XIAOChen, Ming-HongMing-HongChen2026-04-212026-04-212025-10-13https://scholars.lib.ntu.edu.tw/handle/123456789/737334Cortical bone trajectory (CBT) is a pedicle screw technique that engages denser cortical bone to enhance fixation strength and reduce invasiveness. Surgical accuracy is crucial, as screw placement directly affects outcomes and complication rates. We propose an automated method using particle swarm optimization (PSO) to determine optimal CBT entry points and trajectories, enabling faster, more precise, and safer screw placement in spinal surgery. © 2025 IEEE.enautomatic surgical planningcortical bone trajectory (CBT)particle swarm optimization (PSO)pedicle screw placementspinal surgeryconference paper10.1109/AIxMHC65380.2025.00054