國立臺灣大學政治學系Department of Political Science, National Taiwan University許介麟Hsu, C.L.C.L.Hsu2017-09-082018-06-282017-09-082018-06-281990-03http://ntur.lib.ntu.edu.tw//handle/246246/281786日本現今的成功是以東亞各國的支援為基礎，而東亞目前的發展亦唯日本馬首是瞻。現在世界各地不論歐洲或美洲，都紛紛藉區域合作來保障經濟利益。「脫亞」而列入先進國的日本，似乎也該回頭與東亞弱鄰為伍，謀求「共存共榮」之道。東亞援助日本蓄積實力，是自中日甲午戰爭之後開始。馬關條約裏中國的巨額賠款，使日本得以充實工業化的基本建設及擴充軍備。賠款以金元償付的方式而確立日本的金本位制，從而與國際經濟體系結合。同時，中國市場的開放與不平等的關稅，使日本的對外貿易挾工業發展及最惠國待遇的雙重優勢而不斷激增。臺灣和朝鮮等殖民地的取得，解決日本因農業人口移往工業而產生的糧食短缺問題，並且擴大了日本政府的稅基。此外，日本的藩閥政治也因為有了龐大的資金而發展為政黨政治。大東亞戰爭的戰費籌措更是日本利用銀行帳面處理過程，依靠傀儡政府大量鈔購回中國物資而達成。「日本帝國」的興起就在東亞的援助下，日積月累而成。第二次世界大戰之後，東亞對「日本第一」的成就仍然功不可沒。日本在戰爭末期自中國運回無以數計的金塊及寶石，並且印發大量鈔票發給在臺灣的日本官員。美國安排下的中日貿易協定有利於重建「工業日本、農業臺灣」的關係，使臺灣在一九五○年至六五年間因低進口稅而抑制了肥料工業的發展。日本傲世的經濟奇蹟，除了日本人的努力及美國的協助外，東亞各國的援助也不容忽視。 東亞國家經濟發展的經驗，打破了依賴理論中邊陲國的「低開發宿命論」。東亞「借助外資而不役於外資」的策略，使亞太地區正扮演推動全球經濟的主軸。先進國與亞洲地區的經濟關係，逐漸擺脫以榨取為目的的垂直分工情況，而形成「雁飛型」多層追跡的結構。日本以高科技發展成為龍頭，四小龍以產業高度化緊隨在後，「東協」（ASEAN）各國則以新加坡為模範急起直追，最後還有中國大陸太平洋沿海地區或海南「經濟特區」的追趕。亞洲地區經濟發展階段性的差距，配合人口多樣性及勤勉性格，是形成「雁飛型」發展最有利的條件。一國的繁榮不需以犧牲他國利益為代價，這不正符合日本「共存共榮」的精神嗎？在美國保護主義的壓力下，日幣升值反而促使日本資本及技術輸往「新興工業體」(NIES)，臺幣升值等類似因素再使新興工業體將資本及技術轉移至其他正待開發的亞洲國家。資本輸出國產業升級的同時，也加強了亞洲地區協調合作的關係。亞洲各國若能如雁鳥飛行般發展，「二十一世紀是亞洲人的世紀」就不是空谷足音了。日本是亞洲各國中唯一達到帝國主義階段的國家。「大日本帝國」的幅員曾擴及中國大陸、東南亞及太平洋各島嶼。東亞的資財、市場、人力等，援助了日本的「現代化」，使之成為亞洲的先驅。第二次世界大戰後，日本又靠美國的庇蔭「以鄰為壑」的策略，創造「日本第一」的奇蹟。日本如何自供需平衡的觀點來構想亞太的發展，帶動缺乏日用品的蘇聯及中國大陸，確實是值得深思的問題。The success of contemporary Japan depends on the support of the rest of East Asia. At the same time, the current development of East Asia depends on the leading role of Japan. Now all over the world, whether in Europe, North America or South America, countries on after another are taking advantage of regional cooperation to secure economic interests. Since separating itself from East Asia and joining the ranks of the industrialized western countries, it seems time for Japan to rejoin the company of its “weak neighbors” and strive for “co-existence and co-prosperity.”East Asian support for Japan began right after the end of the 1895 Sino-Japanese War. The Treaty of Shimonoseki stipulated that China give war reparations to Japan. These reparation payments provided a substantial economic foundation for Japan’s industrialization and military build－up. In addition, Japan’s request that China pay its reparations in gold established the gold standard in Japan and made Japan a competitor in the international economic arena. At the same time, the opening of China’s market and unequal tariffs helped the rise of Japan’s foreign trade and industrial development as well as earn Japan most- favored－nation treatment. Japan’s colonization of Taiwan and Korea resolved the problem of food shortages that resulted when Japan’s agricultural population industrialized. Moreover, colonization enabled the Japanese government to expand its tax reserves. The huge funds from war reparations enabled Japanese clan－politics to develop into part－polities. Furthermore, Japan covered its expenses for the Great East Asian War by the way of a manipulation of colonial bank account and printing a lot of bank bill to buying up the goods and materials in China through the puppet regime. The rise of “Japanese empire” is related directly to the long－time support of its neighboring countries. Even after World War Ⅱ, East Asia’s contribution to Japan was substantial. At the end of the war, Japan carried countless gold bullion and precious metals from China to Japan, and printed countless bank notes to pay the Japanese officers in Taiwan. The U. S. superintended China－Japan Trade Agreement of 1950 aimed to benefit the normalization of relations between “Industrial Japan” and “Agricultural Taiwan.” This agreement forced Taiwan from 1950 to 1965 to fix fertilizer import taxes in 5% and restrained its development of the fertilizer industry. In looking for the causes of Japan’s astounding economic miracle, one usually consider the diligence of the Japanese people and American post－war economic aid, but the aid of Japan’s neighboring countries must not be overlooked. The economic development of these East Asian states overthrows the fatalism of the dependency theorists. East Asia’s strategy of borrowing foreign capital and would no be servile to it provides the impetus for the Asia Pacific role as the future economic center of the world. Economic relations between East Asia and advanced countries are changing from an exploitative vertical division of labor to a multi-level “birds－flying” structure. If we imagine a flock of birds flying in V-formation, then Japan is the bird in front, leading the rest of the flock. Japan’s hightechnology development makes it the head of the flock, or, to use another metaphor, the East Asian “dragon.” The rapid industrialization of the so－called “Four Little Dragons” (Taiwan, Korea, Hong Kong and Singapore). Makes them the second row of birds in the V－formation. Following Singapore’s model of development, the ASEAN Nations make up the third row of birds, just behind the Four Little Dragons. Bringing up the rear of the flock are Mainland China, the coastal region of the Pacific Rim and the Hainan “Special Economic Zone.” The different economic development of East Asia fits well with the culturally diverse and hard－working East Asian people. It provides the advantageous conditions of “birds flying” development in the flock of East Asian states. A nation’s prosperity need not sacrifice other nation’s interest as a cost of development. Is it just accord with Japan’s spirit of “mutual existence and mutual prosperity”? Under the pressure of America’s protectionism, the Japanese yen rose in value and triggered the spread of Japanese capital and technology to the “Newly Industrialized Economies.” The rise of the New Taiwan Dollar and economic progess in the NIES has led to further such spread of capital and technology to other industrializing Asian countries. This spreading of capital and industrialization through East Asia has at the same time strengthened relations between Asian countries. If each Asian countries cooperates and develops as “birds flying” in the future, then the 21st century really will become the so－called “Asian Century.”Japan is the only nation in Asia to have reached the stage of imperialism. The “Great Japanese Empire” once encompassed Mainland China, Southeast Asia and the Pacific islands. The capital, market and manpower of East Asia aided Japan’s modernization, enabling Japan to become the forerunner of Asia. After World War Ⅱ, Japan again depended on America’s protection policy and the support of its East Asian neighbors to create the current “Japanese Miracle.” How does Japan use the concept of balancing supply and demand as a blueprint for development in the Asian Pacific? How does this plan affect the Soviet Union and Mainland China, both lacking in daily consumer goods? These are questions that deserve deep consideration.[SDGs]SDG2[SDGs]SDG3[SDGs]SDG8[SDGs]SDG16journal article