Lin T.-Y.SIH-HAN LIAOLai C.-C.Paci E.Chuang S.-Y.2022-03-042022-03-0420210929-6646https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85107421345&doi=10.1016%2fj.jfma.2021.05.015&partnerID=40&md5=3a464b75beb55f790c7e57a9eada58ffhttps://scholars.lib.ntu.edu.tw/handle/123456789/596471Background: There are few studies demonstrating how the effectiveness of various extents of non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) before and after vaccination periods. The study aimed to demonstrate such an effectiveness in the alteration of the epidemic curves from theory to practice. Methods: The empirical data on the daily reported COVID-19 cases were extracted from open source. A computer simulation design in conjunction with the susceptible-exposed-infected-recovered (SEIR) type model was applied to evaluating confinement measures in Italy with adjustment for underreported cases; isolation and quarantine in Taiwan; and NPIs and vaccination in Israel. Results: In Italy scenario, the extents of confinement measures were 34% before the end of March and then scaled up to 70% after then. Both figures were reduced to 22–69% after adjusting for underreported cases. Approximately 44% of confinement measures were implemented in the second surge of pandemic in Italy. Fitting the observational data on Taiwan assuming the initial outbreak similar to Wuhan, China, 44% of isolation and quarantine were estimated before March 23rd, 2020. Isolation and quarantine were scaled up to 90% and at least 60% to contain community-acquired outbreaks from March 24th, 2020 onwards. Given 15% monthly vaccination rate from December 2020 in Israel, the effectiveness estimates of reducing the infected toll were 36%, 56%, and 85% for NPIs alone, vaccination alone, and both combined, respectively. Conclusion: We demonstrated how various NPIs stamp out and delay the epidemic curve of COVID-19. The optimal implementation of these NPIs has to be planned before wide vaccine uptake worldwide. ? 2021COVID-19; Epidemic; Non-pharmaceutical interventions; SEIR model; Vaccination[SDGs]SDG3SARS-CoV-2 vaccine; vaccine; Article; clinical effectiveness; computer simulation; coronavirus disease 2019; human; infection control; Israel; Italy; pandemic; quarantine; social isolation; Taiwan; vaccination; China; epidemiology; vaccination; China; Computer Simulation; COVID-19; Humans; SARS-CoV-2; Taiwan; Vaccination; Vaccinesjournal article10.1016/j.jfma.2021.05.015341125872-s2.0-85107421345