帝國視域與地理詩學：以駐新使節左秉隆、黃遵憲、楊雲史為例

2009-08-012024-05-18https://scholars.lib.ntu.edu.tw/handle/123456789/712626摘要：十九世紀末期，從晚清官方往南洋派駐使節、沿海商人、文人、百姓出洋謀生與遷居所生成的「南來」流動軸線，形塑了早期南洋地區（主要以新加坡、檳城為主）初步的文學規模。其中以使節的南來尤其凸顯士大夫階層的境外離散和文化播遷。本計畫關注使節代表的官方正統，面對西方勢力、華人移民社會所建立的異地景觀與文化想像，如何轉換為他們的文學實踐與教化任務，如何在早期南洋殖民地和華僑社群形成一個具有描述個體生存經驗、地方性交流的文學意識與教化傳播的文學生產空間。 1881 年由清廷直接派駐新加坡的首任領事左秉隆（1850~1924）到任，倡導華文教育，成立會賢社，推動文風，培養華裔人才。另創英語雄辯會，提拔受英文教育的土生華人（峇峇）。左秉隆續任三屆領事，歷時十年。接任者黃遵憲（1848~1905）乃晚清嶺南著名詩人，1891 派駐新加坡時已升格為總領事，兼轄檳榔嶼、馬六甲等事務。他擔任領事三年（1891-1894），對華人移民社會觀察深入，另組圖南社，在報刊按月課題，獎勵當地有識之士，大有為國家儲備人才之意。1907 年左秉隆再次派駐新加坡，由於國際局勢動盪，清帝國已岌岌可危，三年任滿後辭職。上述二位當屬清廷派駐南洋最著名的領事官，且留下詩集。左秉隆《勤勉堂詩鈔》由後人結集（1959），寫於新加坡詩篇300餘首，見證了前後兩次共十餘年的駐新生涯。黃遵憲《人境廬詩草》（1911）收集他在南洋期間的漢詩20 首，藉由晚清新派詩家的眼界，表徵了南洋華僑生態。在左秉隆第二次駐新期間(1907-1910)，另有一位到任的領事館書記楊雲史（1875~1941）。楊氏名圻，晚清唐詩派名家。停留時間長達三年餘，雖是領事館小吏，卻有置產南洋的計畫，投資橡膠園種植，組樹膠公司。民國後解職歸返，橡膠生意也失敗告終。著有《江山萬里樓詩詞鈔》（1926），南洋期間寫作的詩詞百餘首，以紀史姿態表現南洋華人移民事蹟，尤其對中國與西方殖民勢力在南洋地域的消長，有著深入觀察和慨嘆。本計畫以使節為觀察對象，以「帝國視域與地理詩學」為題，涉及幾個對境外漢詩有效的觀察面向。一、使節具備官方身份，肩負保護華僑利益，教化與傳達中華文化之責任，同時更是晚清帝國站在第一線面對西方殖民勢力的重要交涉、妥協與體驗者。以上經驗，對這些走出中國疆界且具備文人特質的使節而言，改變了傳統宦遊文學的格局，涉及更複雜的帝國使命和異域現代性體驗，刺激了對離散華人進行敘事和紀史的漢詩寫作。二、使節有基本的帝國意識和國家立場，面對殖民地的華人生存際遇，多元種族和西方文明，詩所調動的舊典新語資源，及其處理的憂患、政治、世界秩序，見證漢詩播遷的離散大環境和歷史。使節象徵的帝國與漢文化正統，其與英殖民者的矛盾和衝突，轉化為詩的生產意識，在殖民地延伸出一個特殊的漢詩越界語境和生產空間。三、使節對華人移民社會有崇高的象徵意義，對南洋華人文化／民族意識的建構和影響，以及對新馬華文文學的初步形塑，值得深入描述與探究。不同於一般流寓者，使節長期與洋人和華僑接觸，具備外語能力（除了黃，左、楊均為翻譯官出身），在大量的閒適詩裡，他們形塑的地方感，強烈命名派駐地，以民歌俚語入詩，這是詩的文本空間移易，一種地理詩學的觀察。從以上面向，筆者檢視三位使節的事蹟與漢詩，有助於建立南洋漢詩發展的初始場景，勾勒漢文學與華人意識的內在聯繫，呈現晚清時刻中國——南洋交織互通的漢詩風景。 <br> Abstract: This project aims to deal with a group of imperial Chinese consulates in Singapore and discuses how these consulates, the representatives of the Chinese empire, expressed themselves in the literary works when confronted in the southern land the western powers and the exotic landscape early Chinese emigrants had established and cultural imagination the emigrants had. In the late 19 century, the Chinese consular representatives as well as businessmen, literati and Chinese nationals emigrated and immigrated to Nanyang, which formed a flow to south and the preliminary literature shape in early Nanyang area (mainly Singapore and Penang). Particularly, the consulates to south revealed the diaspora of the literati and officials and the dissemination of culture. The questions then arise: How did these consulates transform their literary practice and cultural mission? How did their writings shape a literary field in Nanyang in 19th century? In this study, three most significant imperial Chinese consulates in Singapore will be discussed: Zuo Binlong (1850-1924), Huang, Zunxian (1848-1905) and Yang Yunshi (1875-1941), among which Zuo and Huang were the most notable Chinese consulates in Singapore. Zou Binlong was the first Chinese consular officer to be directly appointed by the Qing government. Since his arrival in Singapore in 1881, Zuo had contributed enormously to promote Chinese education, encourage literary writings and advance the welfare of the Chinese residents in Singapore. Succeeding to Zuo as the Chinese consul, Huang Zunxian was officially appointed in January 1891 and arrived in Singapore in October that year. Like Zuo, Huang was a fine scholar and a distinguished Lingnan poet of the time. In his three years as a consular officer (1891-1894), he made a close observation of local society and intended to educate young scholars and recruit local intellectuals. Both of the consulates produced a great number of poems that sketched out the ecology of overseas Chinese in Nanyang: Zuo’s over 300 poems were compiled in Qin Mian Tang Shi Chao (1959) and Huang’s 20 poems in Ren Jing Lu Shi Cao (1911). Another consulate Yang Yunshi (1875-1941) is considered in this study. Jiang Shan Wan Li Lou Shi Ci Chao (1926) was a compilation of over 100 poems Yang composed in Nanyang, in which he recounted the history of emigration of Chinese in Nanyang, particularly the growth and fall of the Chinese force and the western powers. This project, entitled Empire Vision and Geographic Poetics places an emphasis on consulates in Singapore and its significance can be shown from a number of perspectives: 1. The consulates were government officials in the front line of interaction and negotiation with the western colonial powers. Such consular officers, mostly fine scholars who undertook an imperial mission and experienced modernity in the foreign lands, brought about changes in the scope of traditional writings and contributed to the flourish of the narratives of overseas Chinese and Han poetry of diaspora. 2. Those Han poetry composed in the foreign lands demonstrated the dissemination of Han poetry and a culture. The conflicts between Chinese culture and western colonialists undoubtedly gave rise to the composition of poetry, creating a space in a colony by which we are able to see the transcendence of Han poetry. 3. Those consulates had a significant influence on establishing the national identity of Chinese residents and on shaping the preliminary literary path in Nanyan. In their writings, they took in local landscapes and language, which serves as a good example of the shift in space of a text, a geographic poetics.南&#63789使節&#63978散漢詩左秉&#63964黃遵憲楊雲史Chinese Consulates in NanyangDiaspora of Han PoetryZuo BinlongHuang,帝國視域與地理詩學：以駐新使節左秉隆、黃遵憲、楊雲史為例