黃宣範Huang, Shuanfan臺灣大學:語言學研究所洪媽益Tanangkingsing, MichaelMichaelTanangkingsing2010-05-052018-06-282010-05-052018-06-282009U0001-1901200917112700http://ntur.lib.ntu.edu.tw//handle/246246/179791Cebuano is a predicate-initial language. A Cebuano clause basically consists of a verb complex and noun phrases. The noun phrase contains a head noun and a case marker; sometimes modifiers are linked to the head noun by nga. The verb complex contains the main verb and clitic particles and pronominals; negators and adverbials can also be found in a verb complex, especially temporal and locative adverbials. Cebuano nominal case-marking exhibits an ergative pattern, but discourse data show a predominantly accusative pattern in interclausal linking. Transitivity has grammaticized in the voice constructions in Cebuano. The Actor Voice (AV) construction is intransitive, while the Patient Voice (PV), Locative Voice (LV), and the Instrument Voice (IV) constructions are transitive clauses. The intransitive clauses highlight the Actor and/or the action/movement carried out by the Actor, while the Patient(/Location/Instrument) that is affected by an action is highlighted in the transitive clauses (although the Actor remains more topical). In addition to AV clauses, there are distinct Extended Intransitive Clause (EIC) constructions where a Patient argument is oblique-marked; it is observed that the Patient in EICs do not track participants. In addition to LV clauses, there are also Extended Locative Voice (ELV) constructions, which carry the sense of “transfer.”This dissertation is divided into three parts and contains 20 chapters. The first part describes basic grammatical elements of Cebuano. Chapter One introduces the language and reviews previous studies on Cebuano. Chapters Two and Three cover a general description of morphology and word order. Chapter Four covers noun phrases, while Chapter Five is on non-verbal clauses, especially clauses that are largely composed of noun phrases. Chapter Six discusses the verb complex; Chapters Seven through Ten deal with negators, interrogatives, imperatives, and adverbial clauses, which are elements that commonly show up in a verb complex.he second part of the dissertation, Chapters Eleven to Sixteen, deals with types of verbal constructions in Cebuano. Chapter Eleven is a discussion of complement constructions. Chapter Twelve is about intransitive constructions. Chapters Thirteen to Sixteen cover PV clauses and passive constructions, LV constructions and ELV clauses, IV clauses and other minor constructions, and causative constructions, respectively. The final part of the dissertation, Chapters Seventeen to Nineteen, discusses Cebuano syntax from a discourse point of view, where linguistic phenomena, which are not easily observed in elicited and constructed clauses, become apparent and visible. In Chapter Seventeen, the argument structures of various types of verbs are illustrated. In Chapter Eighteen, reference tracking and inter-clausal organization are examined. It will also contain a discussion of the transitivity parameters. Chapter Nineteen covers the forms and functions of placeholder particles, as well as a description of various clitic particles and formulaic expressions in Cebuano. Chapter Twenty, the last chapter, provides a conclusion.Defense Committee . . . . . . . icknowledgments . . . . . . . . iibstract (English) . . . . . . . . iiibstract (Chinese) . . . . . . . . vable of Contents . . . . . . . . viist of Tables . . . . . . . . xvist of Figures . . . . . . . .xviihapter 1 Introduction . . . . . . 1.0 Objectives . . . . . . . 1.1 Data and methodology . . . . . 2.2 Theoretical frameworks . . . . . 2.2.1 Discourse-functional linguistics . . . 3.2.2 Construction grammar . . . . 4.2.3 Recent developments in Austronesian linguistics . 5.3 Cebuano as a Bisayan language . . . . 7.4 Previous research on Cebuano . . . . 9.5 Organization . . . . . . . 16hapter 2 Morphology and word classes . . . . 192.0 Introduction . . . . . . . 192.1 Orthography and the phonemic inventory . . . 192.2 Syllable patterns . . . . . . 202.3 Morphology . . . . . . . 23.3.1 Nominal morphemes . . . . . 242.3.1.1 Lexical nominals . . . . 262.3.1.2 Clausal nominalization . . . 34 2.3.2 Predicate morphemes . . . . . 38 2.3.2.1 Dynamic verbs . . . . 38 2.3.2.1.1 Voice and TAM affixes . 40 2.3.2.1.2 Syntax of loan words . . 47 2.3.2.2 Stative verbs . . . . . 48.4 Numeral terms . . . . . . . 52.4.1 Numeral forms . . . . . 52.4.2 Plural noun markers . . . . . 55.4.3 Plural pronominal forms . . . . 57.5 Reduplication . . . . . . . 59.6 Summary . . . . . . . 60hapter 3 Clause structure in Cebuano . . . . 623.0 Introduction . . . . . . . 623.1 Grammatical constituents . . . . . 62 3.1.1 Noun phrase constituent . . . . 63 3.1.2 Verb complex constituent . . . . 673.2 Preferred clause structure . . . . . 773.3 Preferred argument structure . . . . . 803.4 Word order . . . . . . . 833.5 Coordination and subordination . . . . 93 3.5.1 Connectors in Cebuano . . . . 94 3.5.1.1 Additive coordination . . . . 94 3.5.1.2 Adversative coordination . . . 96 3.5.1.3 Disjunctive coordination . . . 97 3.5.1.4 Temporal clauses . . . . 98 3.5.1.5 Reason clauses . . . . 99 3.5.1.6 Purpose clauses . . . .100 3.5.1.7 Conditional clauses . . . .101 3.5.2 Adjoined clauses . . . . .104 3.6 Summary . . . . . . .107 hapter 4 Noun phrase structure . . . . .1084.0 Introduction . . . . . . .1084.1 Noun phrase structure . . . . . .1094.2 Case marking system . . . . . .110 4.2.1 The nominative markers si / ang . . .111 4.2.2 The neutral marker =y . . . . .112 4.2.3 The genitive marker ni . . . .116 4.2.4 The dative marker kang (personal nouns) . .117 4.2.5 The locative marker sa (common nouns) . .117 4.2.6 The extended argument marker ug . . .1244.3 Cebuano pronominal system and demonstratives . .1254.4 Kinship terms and vocatives . . . . .135 4.4.1 Kinship terms . . . . . .135 4.4.2 Vocatives . . . . . .1384.5 NP coordination and modification . . . .139.6 NPs in discourse . . . . . .1474.7 Summary . . . . . . .152hapter 5 Non-verbal clauses . . . . .1535.0 Introduction . . . . . . .1535.1 Existential clauses . . . . . .153 5.1.1 Existential constructions . . . .153 5.1.2 Negation of existential constructions . . .156 5.1.3 Function of existential constructions . . .1575.2 Possession clauses . . . . . .1595.3 Locational clauses . . . . . .1605.4 Nominal predicate clauses . . . . .1625.5 Stative predicate constructions . . . .166 5.5.1 Classifying nominal predicates . . .167 5.5.2 Stative predicates . . . . .168 5.5.3 Stative predicates with preposed NPs . . .1695.6 Summary . . . . . . .172hapter 6 Verb complex . . . . . .1736.0 Introduction . . . . . . .173.1 Elements in a verb complex . . . . .174.1.1 Negators . . . . . .176.1.2 Adverbial interrogators . . . .177.1.3 Modal verbs . . . . . .179.1.4 Locative phrases for contrast . . . .183.1.5 Temporal adverbials . . . . .185.1.6 Manner/evaluative adverbials . . . .1876.2 Second-position clitics . . . . .1886.2.1 Initial-position clitics . . . .1916.2.2 High-frequency clitics . . . .2026.2.3 Mid-frequency clitics . . . .2086.2.4 Low-frequency clitics . . . .213.3 Other issues . . . . . . .218.3.1 Repair in a verb complex . . . .218.3.2 Complementation constructions . . .220.3.3 Tense in a verb complex . . . .222.4 Summary . . . . . . .225hapter 7 Negation . . . . . . .2267.0 Introduction . . . . . . .2267.1 wala? . . . . . . . .227 7.1.1 Negation of existential clauses . . .227 7.1.2 Negation of possessive clauses . . .229 7.1.3 Negation of locational clauses . . .230 7.1.4 Negation of realis verbal clauses . . .2307.2 dili? . . . . . . . .232 7.2.1 Negation of nominal predicate clauses . .232 7.2.2 Negation of stative predicate clauses . . .233 7.2.3 Negation of future verbal clauses . . .2357.3 The negator ayaw . . . . . .2377.4 The negator ambot . . . . . .2387.5 The use of negators as verb . . . . .2427.6 From a negator to a discourse marker . . . .2447.7 Summary . . . . . . .248hapter 8 Interrogative clauses . . . . .250.0 Introduction . . . . . . .250.1 Yes-no questions . . . . . .251.2 Nominal interrogatives . . . . .2538.2.1 The nominal interrogative word kinsa ''who'' . .254.2.2 The nominal interrogative word unsa ''what'' . .2578.2.3 The nominal interrogative word asa ''which'' . .263.3 The numeral interrogative word pila ''how many'' . .266.4 Adverbial interrogatives . . . . .2688.4.1 The temporal interrogative word kanus?a ''when'' .2688.4.2 The locative interrogative word asa ''where'' . .2698.4.3 The frequency interrogative word ka-pila ''how often'' . . . . . . . . .2708.4.4 The interrogative word ngano ‘why’ . . .271.5 Verbal interrogatives . . . . . .272.6 Particles associated with interrogative clauses . .275.7 Summary . . . . . . .281hapter 9 Imperatives and other constructions used in commands . . . . . . . .2839.0 Introduction . . . . . . .283.1 Imperative constructions . . . . .284.2 Prohibitions . . . . . . .286.3 Other constructions used in commands . . .2889.3.1 Hortatives . . . . . .2899.3.2 Pseudo-imperatives . . . . .2909.3.3 Politeness . . . . . .291.4 Particles and fixed imperative expressions . . .296.5 Summary . . . . . . .300hapter 10 Adverbials . . . . . . .3010.0 Introduction . . . . . . .3010.1 Adverbial expressions in the verb complex . . .3010.2 Adverbial expressions as matrix verbs in complementation constructions . . . . . . .3040.3 Adverbial expressions in nominal slots . . .3080.4 Semantic types of adverbial expressions . . .3110.4.1 Manner/evaluative adverbs . . . .3110.4.2 Locative adverbs . . . . .3140.4.3 Temporal adverbs . . . . .3220.5 Summary . . . . . . .329hapter 11 Complementation and complementation strategies . . . . . . . . . .33011.0 Introduction . . . . . . .33011.1 Complementation strategies . . . . .332 11.1.1 nga complementation . . . . .332 11.1.2 ug complementation . . . . .334 11.1.3 Interrogative complements (indirect question complement) . . . . . . . .33611.2 Control constructions . . . . . .33711.3 Complement-taking modality verbs . . . .34111.4 Complement-taking verbs of manipulation . . .34911.5 Complement-taking verbs of perception . . .35011.6 Complement-taking verbs of cognition . . .35111.7 Complement-taking epistemic verbs . . . .35311.8 Complement-taking verbs of utterance . . .35611.9 Complement-taking aspectual verbs . . . .36011.10 Complement-taking activity verbs . . . .36211.11 Complement-taking interrogative words . . .36411.12 Complement-taking negators . . . . .36511.13 Complement-taking particles . . . . .366 11.13.1 “Uncertainty” epistemic particle . .366 11.13.2 Concession . . . . .368 11.13.3 bahala? clauses . . . .370 11.13.4 basta clauses . . . . .370 11.13.5 Evaluative clauses . . . .371 11.13.6 Reason clauses . . . .372 11.13.7 Consequence clauses . . . .372 11.13.8 Emphatic clauses . . . .373 11.13.9 "Instead of" clauses . . . .374 11.13.10 "Especially" clauses . . . .37511.14 Summary . . . . . . .375hapter 12 Intransitive constructions (AV clauses) . .37712.0 Introduction . . . . . . .3772.1 AV affixes . . . . . . .3782.2 Intransitive constructions . . . . .38212.2.1 Reflexives . . . . . .38312.2.2 Spontaneous events . . . . .38512.2.3 Reciprocals . . . . . .38612.2.4 Verbs involving body parts . . . .39312.2.5 AV causative verbs . . . . .3942.3 Extended intransitive constructions (EIC) . . .3962.4 Intransitive NAV forms . . . . .4052.4.1 Adversative gi- verbs . . . . .4072.4.2 Intransitive na- verbs . . . . .4082.4.3 Intransitive -an verbs . . . . .4092.4.4 The "to feel" reading . . . . .4112.5 Summary . . . . . . . .413hapter 13 PV and Passives . . . . . .41513.0 Introduction . . . . . . .41513.1 PV affixes . . . . . . .4173.2 PV constructions as the default transitive construction .42013.2.1 Properties of gi- constructions . . .422 13.2.1.1 Semantic transitivity . . . .422 13.2.1.2 Constituent order . . . .423 13.2.1.3 Topicality: RD and TP . . .424 13.2.2 Identification of passive clauses . . .427 13.2.2.1 Syntactic integration of Agent . .427 13.2.2.2 Frequency of PV clauses . . .428 13.2.2.3 Distinct word order . . . .4283.3 The gi- affix . . . . . . .4303.3.1 Adversative verbs . . . . .43113.3.2 Fixed expressions . . . . .436 13.3.3 Inverse gi- constructions . . . .438 13.3.3.1 V=P (A) constructions . . .439 13.3.3.2 P=V clauses . . . . .441 13.3.3.3 V clauses . . . . .44213.3.4 Default transitive clauses . . . .4433.4 na- affixation . . . . . . .4463.4.1 Intransitive na- . . . . .4473.4.2 Inverse na- (V=PA; V=P) . . . .4533.5 Passive constructions . . . . . .4543.6 Summary . . . . . . .462hapter 14 LV and ELV constructions . . . .46414.0 Introduction . . . . . . .4644.1 LV affixes . . . . . . .4664.2 Recipient vs. Benefactee nominals . . . .4704.3 Primary Object (PO) vs. Secondary Object (SO) distinction .4744.4 Extended Locative Voice (ELV) constructions . .47614.4.1 “Transfer” construction schema . . .4784.4.2 Types of ELV constructions . . . .4814.4.3 ELV vs. other voice constructions . . .4874.5 Different degrees of affectedness . . . .4894.6 Summary . . . . . . .492hapter 15 IV and other minor constructions . . .49315.0 Introduction . . . . . . .4935.1 IV affixes . . . . . . .4935.2 Clauses without nominative arguments . . .496 15.2.1 Defective verbs . . . . .49615.2.2 Meteorological verbs . . . . .50115.2.3 Temporal predicates . . . . .5025.2.4 Interjection expressions . . . .5035.3 Comparison . . . . . . .5055.4 Pseudo-equational constructions . . . .51015.4.1 Elliptic constructions . . . . .51015.4.2 Recent past and exact time expressions . .5115.5 Summary . . . . . . .512hapter 16 Causative constructions . . . . .51316.0 Introduction . . . . . . .5136.1 AV causative constructions . . . . .5156.2 Transitive pa- causatives . . . . .5206.2.1 PV causative constructions . . . .5236.2.2 LV causative constructions . . . .5256.2.3 IV causative constructions . . . .5266.3 Lexical causatives in Cebuano . . . .5276.4 Manipulative causatives . . . . .5306.5 Causativization of cognition verbs . . . .5306.6 Directional morphemes . . . . .5336.7 Summary . . . . . . .534hapter 17 Argument structure . . . . .53617.0 Introduction . . . . . . .5367.1 Voice constructions and the semantic role of their nominative arguments . . . . . . .5367.1.1 Intransitive clauses and the semantic role of their nominative arguments . . . . . . .5377.1.2 Transitive clauses and the semantic role of their nominative arguments . . . . . . .54117.2 Argument structure of various verb types . . .543 17.2.1 Activity verbs . . . . . .545 17.2.2 Motion verbs . . . . . .549 17.2.3 Ditransitive and placement verbs . . .553 17.2.4 Verbs of utterance . . . . .558 17.2.5 Verbs of cognition . . . . .563 17.2.6 Perception verbs . . . . .567 17.2.7 Emotion verbs . . . . . .569 17.2.8 Sociative action verbs . . . . .573 17.2.9 Meteorological verbs . . . . .576 17.2.10 Stative verbs . . . . . .57717.3 Summary . . . . . . .579hapter 18 Inter-clausal organization and linking . .5808.0 Introduction . . . . . . .5808.1 Referential tracking . . . . . .5818.2 Clausal linking patterns and pivots . . . .5948.3 The transitivity parameters . . . . .60518.3.1 Number of arguments . . . . .60618.3.2 Kineses . . . . . .60918.3.3 Aspect . . . . . . .61118.3.4 Punctuality . . . . . .61218.3.5 Intentionality . . . . . .61318.3.6 Particularity . . . . . .61418.3.7 Directionality . . . . . .61618.3.8 Effort . . . . . . .61618.3.9 Affectedness of P . . . . .61718.3.10 Exclusivity of P . . . . .6188.4 Voice constructions in discourse . . . .6198.5 Summary . . . . . . .627hapter 19 Particles and discourse markers . . .62919.0 Introduction . . . . . . .6299.1 Particles . . . . . . .6299.1.1 Clause-initial particles . . . .6309.1.2 Clause-final particles . . . . .6379.1.3 Post-nominal particles . . . . .6409.2 On the particle ku?an . . . . . .6419.2.1 Syntactic distribution . . . . .6439.2.2 Functions . . . . . .6449.2.3 Other placeholders in Cebuano . . .6529.3 Formulaic expressions . . . . .6579.3.1 Greetings and leave-taking . . . .6579.3.2 Agreeing and disagreeing . . . .6589.3.3 Interjections . . . . . .6629.3.4 Gestures . . . . . .6679.4 Summary . . . . . . . .667hapter 20 Conclusion . . . . . . .66820.0 Summary . . . . . . .6680.1 Implications and contributions . . . .6710.2 Further research . . . . . .675eferences . . . . . . . . .681ppendix: ist of Abbreviations and Grammatical Codings . . .694ist of Discourse Symbols . . . . . .696application/pdf3163621 bytesapplication/pdfen-USCebuano語菲律賓語南島語語法篇章CebuanoAustronesiangrammardiscourseverb complexhttp://ntur.lib.ntu.edu.tw/bitstream/246246/179791/1/ntu-98-F89142006-1.pdf