Chou L.-HYu Y.-TWang X.-FOsaka IWu C.-GLiu C.-L.CHENG-LIANG LIU2021-08-052021-08-05202021944288https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85084454001&doi=10.1002%2fente.202000216&partnerID=40&md5=a797d7958843cba7bad94655645b4055https://scholars.lib.ntu.edu.tw/handle/123456789/576888The sequential deposition of a NiOx hole-transporting layer, one-step CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite absorber, and blended electron-transporting layer that comprises [6,6]-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) and PNDI(2OD)T2 via automated ultrasonic spray-coating technique is demonstrated in air for planar inverted p–i–n solution-processed perovskite solar cells. Films fabricated via laboratory-sale spin-coating and industrially compatible spray-coating process, respectively, are compared with each other to optimize both the film-coating quality and corresponding device performance. This is validated by the photovoltaic performance of prototype devices with three spray-coated layers with the active area of 1 × 1 cm2. The champion cells achieve a power conversion efficiency of 10.09%, which is one of the highest efficiencies obtained from fully spray-processed large-area perovskite solar cells thus far. Furthermore, these results reinforce the feasibility of the spray-coating methodology for the fabrication of multilayers within perovskite solar cells stack and low-cost route toward upscaling the manufacturing alternatives to spin coating. ? 2020 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, WeinheimButyric acid; Coatings; Efficiency; Lead compounds; Nickel compounds; Perovskite; Ultrasonic applications; Electron transporting layer; Hole transporting layers; Photovoltaic performance; Power conversion efficiencies; Sequential deposition; Solution-processed; Spray coating process; [6 ,6]-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl esters; Perovskite solar cells[SDGs]SDG7journal article10.1002/ente.2020002162-s2.0-85084454001