2015-08-012024-05-17https://scholars.lib.ntu.edu.tw/handle/123456789/686555摘要：衛生是跨學門且可受反覆驗證的醫學名詞，是對於日常生活、身體建構、社會階級、 政府管控、主體認知等物質與心理層面的複雜感受，也是衡量判斷的道德經濟。衛生在 十九世紀初期至中葉期間形成強勢的主導論述，此論述基調基本上建立於生活習慣、地 景環境、行為操守與疾病之間的認知連結，在認知上承攬傳統醫學的衛生論以及晚近發 展的統計、醫學、地誌、護理、公共衛生等科學論述，在具體行動上串接慈善關懷、醫 學發展、公共衛生等社會改造運動，質性殊異的論述結合為連貫一致的社會醫學論述。 本計劃鎖定十九世紀中葉的衛生論述，以狄更斯、艾略特、蓋絲凱爾、查德維克、 南丁格爾、威廉法爾、約翰史諾作為閱讀與分析的文本，試圖從文本中梳理英國公共衛 生與社會醫療興起的背景，對照同時期大英帝國與歐陸的醫療發展，檢視公共衛生與文 學創作之間的相互啟發與影響。藉由分年鎖定狄更斯（《共同的朋友》、《艱苦年代》，英 國南方第一大城）、艾略特（《米得爾馬契》。英國中部的虛構城市）、蓋絲凱爾（《北與 南》，英國北方虛構的工業城市）的小說創作、書信演講、傳記作品，對照同時期報紙 雜誌漫畫中大量興起的衛生論述，參照城市改造、醫療發展、護理照顧、立法行政落實 公共衛生等具體作為，檢視何以髒亂等於貧窮、而貧窮等同品性敗壞的道德經濟。十九 世紀中期城市重建過程營造健康對比於汙穢的二元對立，淨化意指透過強硬的公權力執 行來掃除驅離貧民窟內的居民，更指向一個強化中產階級本位美學與偏執的階級統治心 態，在審視貧民窟的過程中刻意簡化汙穢貧困複雜的本質，以求取現代化過程中確保統 治階級的利益。本計劃分析衛生論述體現現代性的生命政治操作，貧民窟的汙穢書寫、 十九世紀的公共衛生運動、傳染病防治以及慈善事業等社會現象，在髒污即疾病的理念 結合為主導城市地景認知的主流論述，而此這看似兩極對立的主張實則充滿了相互流動 且依賴的弔詭屬性。<br> Abstract: Sanitations represent a cultural location at which the human body, social hierarchy, governmental regulations, psychological subjectivity, and material objects converge. Mid-nineteenth century witnesses a collective and fervent dedication to improvement of public health. At the core of this social movement was an anticipation of a sanitary society. Sanitation, for the Victorians, became a target of scrupulous observation and management. To maintain the national health and wealth, the British Empire demanded healthy population. To cultivate the healthy population, cleanliness and decency in everyday life practice and personal hygiene were the most fundamental necessities. This research project argues that a sanitary and safe England was constructed, both textually and cognitively, in spite of a pervasive awareness of the inevitability of risk. Continuous attempts to discover the route of cholera transmission and unfailing efforts to improve the sanitary environment and life habit were founded upon the brimming confidence of modernity: a normative economy of rationality and a reflexive mentality of observation and surveillance. A successful cultural enterprise of governance was formulated with supports both from the rhetorical constructions of a safe England and administrative practices of science, statistics, medicine, public health, and urban cartography. After the Victorian sanitationist tradition of Edwin Chadwick and Florence Nightingale, John Snow’s famous discovery of cholera transmission, William Farr’s study on population statistics and cholera outbreaks, and many devoted endeavors to the improvement of sanitation were eminent demonstrations of the trust in modernity. While a grim picture of filth, contamination, drastic “blue death” of epidemic cholera was haunting the industrialized and urbanized England, campaigns of public health revealed a salient path leading to a health paradise to which risks would be banished and diseases prevented. Mode of risk management thus involves the visualization of invisible dangers. Such Victorian cosmology was characterized by an anonymous acceptance of risk and an unprecedented confidence in the permanence of rationality in seeing the world in a drop of water. This research project aims to explore the concept of Victorian sanitation: their dominances, their variations, and above all, their importance to Victorians’ ideas of security and morality. My methodology is to focus as much as possible on individual works belonging to the realm of literature and medical history. I want to piece together in new ways a rich composite of tangible and perceivable experience from Victorian culture. I mean to read major works of Charles Dickens, George Eliot, Elizabeth Gaskell, Edwin Chadwick, Florence Nightingale, William Farr and John Snow, as being inspired by the economy of morality and political economy, and then to make sense of their relationship to social control and individual resistance.衛生貧窮汙穢道德經濟迪更斯艾略特蓋絲凱爾查德維克南丁格爾威廉法爾約翰史諾sanitationpovertyfiltheconomy of moralityDickensGeorge EliotElizabeth GaskellEdwin ChadwickFlorence NightingaleWIlliam FarrJohn Snow