沈弘俊Sheen, Horn-Jiunn臺灣大學:應用力學研究所何承洲Ho, Chen-ChouChen-ChouHo2010-05-182018-06-292010-05-182018-06-292009U0001-2101200913562300http://ntur.lib.ntu.edu.tw//handle/246246/183535縱古觀今，已有許多研究學者在仿生領域有許多學術上的研究貢。諸如鳥飛魚游等大型動物的運動機制，但是鮮少有人去研究微生之運動機制方面的細節。而在本研究中，目的就是去探究旋輪蟲頭上的纖毛擺動對流場所造成的影響，而此流場的影響又會對其運動怎樣的幫助或抑制。以纖毛所產生之流場結構、影響轉向的因素與進力量作為研究主軸，並探討與其他生物的運動做比較後的差異，望能更進一步了解旋輪蟲的運動行為。實驗分析是去量測旋輪蟲纖擺動所產生之渦漩的速度向量場，並且進一步計算此相對應的推進量，來了解旋輪蟲是如何在水中進行此高效率且極富機動性的的游運動。此外，在實驗過程中並無對旋輪蟲做任何的操控與限制，因旋輪蟲是一個極微小的微生物(長度100~400μm)，而且對週遭環境極敏感。因此從微粒子影像測速儀量測及流場觀察中可以發現，兩個影響到旋輪蟲轉向的因素為渦漩對強度的差異和旋輪蟲蟲體自身的擺動扭曲。接著由定性的流場視覺化分析結果可知，旋輪蟲有三種不同的運動模態： (1) 輪蟲原地擺動纖毛不轉向 (2) 輪蟲原地擺動纖毛做順逆時針的轉向 (3) 輪蟲游動前進。三者皆以數位攝影機記錄其流場結構，並採用微粒子影像測速儀(micro-particle image velocimetry, μ-PIV)做定量的分析。μ-PIV流場的量測顯示渦漩對是由旋輪蟲的纖毛擺動所生的，且蟲體中央的推力是由於纖毛擺動產生一股往後的噴流所導。當旋輪蟲於原地擺動纖毛不轉向時，頭冠前方所產生的兩渦漩之度差異很小。當旋輪蟲於原地擺動且纖毛做順時針的轉向時，左前之渦漩的大小及強度皆大於右前方之渦漩，反之亦然。當旋輪蟲游前進時，一共會產生四個渦漩，除了前方兩渦漩外，亦會於蟲體兩產生兩個的渦漩，且在蟲體兩側的渦漩對之大小及強度也是大於前兩渦漩的。其中，頭冠前方所產生的渦漩對主要是幫助兩旁水流往體中央集中並朝向尾巴往後噴出，因此給予自身作用力而成為游泳進的主要推力。而蟲體兩側的渦漩主要是可以幫助旋輪蟲游動前，因為此兩渦漩減少了旋輪蟲在游泳過程中的摩擦阻力。輪蟲前進大的速度可達到5.17mm/s。經過計算後，可推知前進最大的推力可到0.197nN，所以每單位重量的最大推力為5.25μN/g。故旋輪蟲約需耗費此數量級的力量，才可將其尾巴固定在某一基質上。Nowadays, there are many researches on the motion mechanism of fishes, birds and other animals, but few on tiny creatures has been investigated. The objective of this study is to understand the influence of cilia for a rotifer (Philodina) on its process of turning and swimming. We utilized micro-particle-image velocimetry (μ-PIV) to measure the velocity fields in vortecies which are induced by the cilia of Philodina and to evaluate the corresponding hydrodynamic force to know how can Philodina perform highly efficient and maneuverable swimming locomotion in the water. In addition, the experiments are carried out using nothing to limit the locomotion of Philodina because Philodina is a tiny creature (200~400μm in length) and is sensitive to environment. Therefore, the two factors to affect body-turning of Philodina are difference between strength of two vortices induced by cilia and body-turing. Both of them can not be eliminated. The qualitative flow visualization of vortices produced by Philodina show that there are three locomotion types. (1) position holding with cilia beating, (2) body-bending with cilia beating , (3) pure forward swimming. The flow field measurement by using μ-PIV shows that vortex pairs were generated by cilia of Philodina and the central jet force was produced as a result of cilia beating. When Philodina is at the same position with no body-bending, there is no significant difference between two front vortices generated from the corona cilia. While turning clockwise, size and strength of the left vortex produced by cilia of Philodina is larger than the right one, and vice versa. While swimming forward, the two lateral vortices are larger than front ones in size and strength. Moreover, the two front vortices help Philodina push fluid toward tail-like part and give reacting force to Philodina to become the main source of thrust and the two lateral vortices help Philodina swim forward because they decrease friction drag while Philodina is swimming. The maximum velocity of Philodina is 5.17mm/s and the maximum thrust is 0.197nN. Therefore the maximum thrust per unit weight is 5.25μN/g. Consequence, we can conclude that Philodina has to spend this kind level of force at to hold on the same place.摘要 1bstract 3次 5目錄 8目錄 9號說明 15一章 緒論 17-1 前言 17-2 研究動機及目的 23-3 文獻回顧 28-3-1 微粒子影像測速儀 28-3-2 輪蟲 31-4 研究方法 36-5 論文架構 37二章 輪蟲 38-1 概述 38-2 型態構造 38-2-1 頭部 39-2-2 軀幹部 41-2-3 足部 41-2-4 體壁 42三章 實驗設備架構原理與實驗步驟 43-1 微粒子影像測速儀系統 43-2 實驗設置 44-3 微粒子影像測速儀設備 45-4 微粒子影像測速儀原理 51-5 實驗步驟 53-5-1 視野校正 53-5-2 μ-PIV使用於研究輪蟲之纖毛運動 54四章 理論與流場分析方法 66-1 光路選擇 66-2 利用m-PIV 做輪蟲研究之分析 66-3 vorticity之計算 68-4 流場分析方法 70-5 MEMS製作流程 72-5-1 基材清潔 (Clean) 72-5-2 光阻塗佈 (Coating) 73-5-3 軟烤 (Soft bake) 73-5-4 曝光 (Exposure) 74-5-5 顯影 (Development) 74-5-6 硬烤 (Hard bake) 75-5-7 運用MEMS技術製造微流道 75-5-7-1 SU-8微流道母模製作 75-5-7-2 PDMS微流道製作 77-6 元件接合與外部連結方式 79-7 實驗設備 79五章　實驗結果與討論 81-1 即時影像處理 81-2 輪蟲於原地擺動纖毛不轉向 82-2-1 輪蟲於原地擺動纖毛並做順時針轉向 83-2-2 輪蟲於原地擺動纖毛並做逆時針轉向 86-2-3 影響輪蟲於原地擺動纖毛轉向的因素探討 87-3 輪蟲游動前進 92-3-1 輪蟲於270mm之微流道中游動 97-3-2 輪蟲於600mm之微流道中游動 97六章　結論與未來展望 104-1 結論 104-2 未來展望 105考文獻 107application/pdf4230286 bytesapplication/pdfen-US纖毛輪蟲渦漩旋輪蟲推力ciliarotifervortexPhilodinathrustthesishttp://ntur.lib.ntu.edu.tw/bitstream/246246/183535/1/ntu-98-R95543072-1.pdf