謝銘洋臺灣大學：法律學研究所古詩婷Gullixson, KirstenKirstenGullixson2007-11-262018-07-052007-11-262018-07-052005http://ntur.lib.ntu.edu.tw//handle/246246/52581After this overview of Technical Protection Measures and Digital Rights Management, the comparison of the laws in different jurisdictions, and the discussion of the controversy about these laws, and the review of the proposed modifications to US law, the question still remains: Was the real intent of WIPO, and the WIPO Member States, to dramatically tilt the scale of balance between copyright owners interests and individuals interests so strongly in favor of the copyright owners? When looking through the legislative history of these legislations, this does not appear to be the legislators’ intent. The author also discusses the relevant legislations of other countries, including Australia,Japan, China, Mexico, as well as Indonesia, Moldova, and the Czech Republic because of these countries’ interesting and unique approaches. With respect to the works deserving of protection, works in the public domain need no protection in the digital environment. Works that are not subject to copyright protection in a country do not deserve additional protection in the digital environment by virtue of a TPM or DRM. With respect to the to the act of infringement, prohibiting circumvention for an infringing purpose may be a more appropriate choice than giving copyright owners absolute power over their copyrights. Member States should link liability for circumvention to an infringing purpose. For a consumer to circumvent a TPM in order to make a non-infringing use of a product should be allowed. The law should allow consumers to remove TPMs in order to make non-infringing uses of their works (backup or archival copies), or to use them in different countries or on different systems. With respect to trafficking in products or services, only prohibiting products that solely have the function of circumventing copyrights could deprive the law of all practical effect. Where Member States choose to enact such legislation, Member States need to find an appropriate balance on this point. Member States should not prohibit manufacturing of products or devices that are capable of substantial noninfringing uses, and Member States should not require manufacturers to alter products to meet specific legal requirements With respect to degrees of liability, Member States could consider creating liability for circumvention for the purpose of economic gain or with knowledge. Member States could consider civil penalties for small-scale infringers, and harsher, possibly criminal, penalties for larger-scale infringers. In seeking to prevent infringement in the digital world, did the new legislations go too far? Did the new legislations upset the traditional copyright balance between copyright owners and the public? Many of these new legislations exceed the WIPO Internet Treaty minimums. The US and the EU legislation, in particular, seem to have “WIPO-plus” requirements, since these new legislations prohibit circumvention, even for non-infringing purposes, except in very limited circumstances. The author recommends that countries which have not created WIPO Internet Treaty legislation consider the experiences of other jurisdictions which have enacted such legislation. While it is crucial that copyright owners be able to protect their rights in the online environment, consumers, too, deserve protections of the rights which consumers enjoyed under traditional copyright law. When WIPO Member States undertake any efforts to create national legislation to fulfill obligations under the WIPO Internet Treaties, Member States must consider the best way to maintain the balance between the interests of the copyright owner in protecting his or her work from infringement and the interests of the public in having access to and making uses of information.OUTLINE I. INTRODUCTION 介紹 1 II. PIRACY 盜版行為 3 A. WHAT IS PIRACY? 盜版行為是什麼？ 4 1. Piracy in General 盜版行為概論 4 2. Digital Piracy 數位盜版 4 a. Peer to Peer (P2P) 點對點(P2P) 5 b. News groups 新聞群組 9 c. Internet Relay Chat 網際接力交談 9 d. Auction Sites 拍賣網站 9 e. File Transfer Protocol 檔案傳輸協定 10 f. Warez Stores Warez商店 10 g. Cracks 破解 11 h. Patches 補丁 11 i. Serial Number Generators 序號產生器 12 j. Distribution as Text or ISO Image 以文字檔或ISO壓縮影像檔方式發行 12 B. OVERALL GLOBAL PIRACY STATISTICS 全球性的盜版統計數據 12 1. International Intellectual Property Alliance (IIPA) 國際智慧財產權聯盟(IIPA) 12 a. About IIPA 關於IIPA 12 b. Impact of the US Copyright Industries on the US Economy & Foreign Trade 美 國著作權產業對美國經濟和對外貿易的影響 14 c. When IIPA Makes Recommendations in the IIPA Report, the Factors that IIPA Takes into Consideration IIPA在報告中作出建議時的考慮因素 14 d. Priority ForeignCountry 優先指定國家 15 e. Continued Monitoring of China and Paraguay 繼續觀察中國和巴拉圭 15 f. Priority Watch List 優先觀察名單 15 g. Watch List 一般觀察名單 15 h. Out-of-Cycle Reviews 不定期審核 15 i. Review of Copyright Protection Practices under the Generalized System of Preferences (GSP) Program 普遍優惠關稅制度中著作權保護實際上應用之回顧 16 j. Countries Discussed in the Submission But Not Recommended for List Placement 被提及但未被列舉上名單的國家 16 k. IIPA’s Comments on the Report and Call to Action IIPA對報告的評價並且要求採取行動 16 l. IIPA’s Piracy Chart IIPA的盜版圖表 17 m. Industry-Specific Piracy Findings 各產業獨特的盜版行為研究結果 17 2. USTR Determinations for the 2004 Special 301 List USTR2004年特別301條款名單的決定 18 a. USTR Special 301 List USTR特別301條款名單 18 b. USTR and InternetPiracy and the WIPO Copyright Treaties USTR，網際網路盜版行為和WIPO著作權條約 20 c. USTR’s Other Initiatives Regarding Internet Piracy USTR關於打擊網際網路盜版的其它建議 20 III. ECONOMICS OF PIRACY 盜版行為的經濟分析 21 A. COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS OF PIRACY 盜版行為的成本-收益分析 1. Costs of Piracy 盜版行為的代價 21 a. Costs of Piracy to Owners of the Intellectual Property Subject to Piracy 盜版行為對智慧財產權人的損失 21 b. Costs of Piracy to Consumers 盜版行為對消費者的損失 23 c. Costs of Piracy to the National Economy as a Whole 盜版行為對國民經濟整體上造成的損失 23 2. Benefits of Piracy 盜版行為的好處 25 a. Benefits of Piracy toConsumers 盜版行為對消費者的好處 25 b. Possible Benefits of Piracy to Intellectual Property Owners 盜版行為對智慧財產權人的可能的好處 25 c. Benefits of Piracy to the National Economy as a Whole 盜版行為對國民經濟整體上的好處 27 3. The Overall Impact ofPiracy 盜版行為的整體影響 27 B. A BRIEF HISTORY OF PIRACY OF ENTERTAINMENT WORKS 娛樂著作盜版行為的簡要的歷史 27 1. Economic Formula behind the History 歷史上的經濟慣例 27 2. The Days of TV and Phonographic Record Players 電視和電唱機的時代 28 3. Cassette Tape Days 盒式磁帶的時代 28 4. The Digital Era 數位時代 28 5. Potential Future Technologies未來技術的可能發展的方向 29 C. DISTRIBUTION OF COPYRIGHTED MATERIALS ON THE INTERNET: AN ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF WHY OWNERS OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY CONTINUE TO DISTRIBUTE THEIR WORKS OVER THE INTERNET DESPITE THE RISKS 受著作權保護的材料在網際網路的發行：對為什麼智慧財產權人不顧風險繼續在網際網路上傳播發行他們著作的經濟分析 29 1. Threats to Enforcing Copyright Rights on the Internet 在網際網路維護著作權的難處 30 a. No Loss of Quality When Making Copies 沒有質量損失的拷貝 30 b. No Meaningful Marginal Costs of Reproduction or Distribution 複製或發行另一份拷貝的邊際成本微不足道 30 c. Anonymous Nature of the Internet 網際網路的匿名性 30 d. Uneducated Users 對著作權缺乏了解的使用者 30 2. Economic Theory Explanation經濟理論的解釋 31 a. Price-Setting Behavior in a Nearly Efficient Marketplace When Marginal Costs Are Practically Zero當邊際成本近乎為零時，在一個幾乎高效率的市場上的 價格設置行為 31 b. Marginal Costs on the Internet網際網路上的邊際成本 31 c. Optimal Pricing 最理想的定價 31 D. ECONOMIC THEORY EXPLAINING INDIVIDUAL AND INTERNATIONAL DIFFERENCES IN PIRACY BEHAVIOR 解釋盜版行為中個體和國際區別性區別的經濟理論 32 1. Individual Behavior 個人行為 33 2. International Behavior 國際行為 34 IV. TECHNICAL PROTECTION MEASURES AND DIGITAL RIGHTS MANGEMENT 科技保護措施和數位權利管理 34 A. What Are Technical Protection Measures? 科技保護措施是什麼？ 34 B. What is Digital Rights Management? 數位權利管理是什麼？ 36 V. PROTECTIONS AVAILABLE PRIOR TO THE WIPO INTERNET TREATIES IN VARIOUS COUNTRIES LEGAL SYSTEMS在WIPO 網際網路條約制定前不同國家司法系統對著作權的保護措施 39 A. Copyright Law 著作權法 39 B. Contract Law 契約法 39 C. TPM and DRM Technologies Themselves TPM和DRM技術本身 39 VI. Overview of International Treaties and Conventions 國際條約和公約概要 40 A. The Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works 保護文學及藝術著作之伯恩公約 40 B. The Rome Convention 羅馬公約 44 C. Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (the TRIPS Agreement) 與貿易有關之智慧財產權協定(TRIPS協定) 45 D. THE WIPO INTERNET TREATIES: The World Intellectual Property Organization Copyright Treaty (WCT) and the World Intellectual Property Organization Performances and Phonograms Treaty (WPPT) Generally WIPO網際網路條約：世界智 慧財產權組織著作權條約(WCT)及世界智慧財產權組織表演及錄音物條約(WPPT)概要50 1. World Intellectual Property Organization Copyright Treaty (WCT) 世界智慧財產權組織著作權條(WCT) 52 2. World Intellectual Property Organization Performances and Phonograms Treaty (WPPT) 世界智慧財產權組織表演及錄音物條約(WPPT) 54 VII. LEGISLATIVE HISTORY CONCERNING TPMS IN THE WIPO INTERNET TREATIES, AS WELL AS IN THE US DMCA AND THE EUCD WIPO網際網路條約，以及美國DMCA和EUCD中關於TPM之立法過程 57 A. WIPO Internet Treaties WIPO網際網路條約 57 B. Legislative History of the US DMCA美國DMCA的立法歷史 60 C. Legislative History of the EUCD EUCD的立法歷史 62 VIII. WIPO INTERNET TREATIES AND THE LAWS OF THE UNITED STATES AND THE EUROPEAN UNION WIPO網際網路條約和美國和歐洲聯盟的法律內容 65 A. The WIPO Requirements Generally WIPO規定概要 65 B. US DMCA 美國 DMCA 69 C. European Union Copyright Directive (EUCD) 歐盟著作權指令(EUCD) 73 1. EUCD Article 6. Obligations as to technological measures. EUCD第6條。關於技術措施的義務 73 2. Summary of EU Country-Specific Implementations 歐盟各國家實踐總結 77 IX. COMPARISON OF TPM PROTECTION UNDER THESE LAWS 依照這些法律的TPM保護的比較 82 A. TPMs Protected 保護TPM 82 1. Effective. TPM需有效 82 2. TPM Applied. 適用的TPM 82 3 and 4. Not Authorized by the Author or Permitted by Law 未經作者許可或未經法律許可的 82 B. Issue:Are Access Control TPMs covered under WIPO Legislation or Only Copy/Use Control TPMs? 爭點：WIPO立法是否涵蓋進入控制的科技保護措施(TPM)，或僅有複製/使用控制的科技保護措施(TPM)？ 83 C. Illegal Acts 非法行為 86 D. Illegal TPM Circumvention Products 非法規避TPM的產品 87 E. State of Mind and Liability 違法意圖和責任 88 F. Permissible Circumvention允許的規避 89 X. CONTROVERSY OVER THE US DMCA AND THE EUCD 關於美國DMCA和EUCD的爭論 90 A. General Concerns about the US DMCA and the EUCD 對美國DMCA和EUCD的總體憂慮 90 1. Fair Use合理使用範圍 90 2. Free Speech. 言論自由 90 3. Failure to Warn of a TPM未作關於TPM的警告 91 4. In the EU, problems under the Treaty of Rome, concerns about authority for enacting certain provisions. 在歐洲聯盟，羅馬條約的問題在於制定某些條款的權利 91 5. In the US, certain Constitutional Concerns about the Validity of the US DMCA 在美國，至於美國DMCA是否合乎美國憲法尚有疑問 91 B. Specific Problems under the US DMCA美國DMCA的一些特別問題 91 C. Specific Problems in Europe歐洲的特別問題 94 XI. US BILLS美國的立法草案 95 A. US FEDERAL BILLS 美國聯邦法之立法草案 95 1. The Hollings Consumer Broadband and Digital Television Protection Act (CBDTPA) Bill Hollings消費者寬頻和數位電視保護(CBDTPA)立法草案 95 2. The Berman Bill Berman立法草案 98 3. The Lofgren Bill Lofgren立法草案 101 4. The Boucher Digital Media Consumers’ Rights Act (DMCRA) Bill Boucher的數位媒體消費者權利立法草案(DMCRA) 102 5. The Inducing Infringement of Copyrights Act (IICA) 「引誘侵害著作權法(IICA)」立法草案 104 6. The Intellectual Property Protection Act (IPPA)「智慧財產保護法(IPPA)」立法草案107 XII. EU IntellectualProperty Enforcement Directive歐洲聯盟智慧財產法執行指令 110 XIII. WIPO Internet Treaty Legislation in Other Jurisdictions 其它國家的WIPO WCT和WPPT的實踐條款 111 A. Australia澳洲 111 B. Japan 日本 115 C. China 中國大陸 119 D. Mexico 墨西哥 121 E. WIPO Survey on Implementation Provisions of the WCT and the WPPT WIPO WCT和WPPT的實踐條款調查 121 1. Indonesia印度尼西亞 124 2. Moldova. 摩爾多瓦 124 3. Czech Republic. 捷克 124 XIV. TAIWAN COPYRIGHT 臺灣著作權法 125 A. Taiwan Copyright Law Basics臺灣著作權法概要 125 B. Taiwan’s WIPO Legislation台灣之WIPO相關立法 128 C. Recommendations for Amendments with Respect to Taiwan’s Law 針對台灣法律之修正案的建議 131 XV. CONCLUSION 結論 131en-US科技保護措施規避數位權利管理TECHNICAL PROTECTION MEASURESCircumventionDIGITAL RIGHTS MANGEMENT[SDGs]SDG16thesis