李後晶臺灣大學：昆蟲學研究所許文馨Hsu, Wen-HsinWen-HsinHsu2007-11-262018-06-292007-11-262018-06-292007http://ntur.lib.ntu.edu.tw//handle/246246/55064社會性蚜蟲藉著兵蚜的產生來增加族群內的適存性，此社會性蚜蟲有別於其他的社會性昆蟲因其藉由孤雌生殖來產下後代，而蚜蟲的孤雌生殖形式是藉由有絲分裂的方式所產下的後代，因此由同一雌蟲所產下的後代其基因型皆與雌蟲相同。 竹莖扁蚜Pseudoregma bambucicola為一社會性造癭蚜蟲，其兵蚜會於蟲癭之開口處防守並阻止外來者入侵。往昔研究發現多數造癭蚜蟲皆有同種侵入的現象。 無親緣關係之蚜蟲的入侵行為將會降低蟲癭內蚜蟲的適存性，並產生群落混合的現象。本研究利用陷阱捕捉以及分子標記等方法偵測自然族群於蟲癭間遷徙及群落混合的現象。在陷阱資料中，我們可以發現遷徙的高峰在七月至九月。 導致竹莖扁蚜遷徙的原因可能為蟲癭內有限的空間。在分子標記方面，在族群間，粒線體之細胞色素氧化酵素基因的序列比對上無任何差異，但在簡單重複序列分析中找到能分辨群落間差異之具有再現性的條帶，其分子量約為700 bp。以簡單重複序列分析為分子標記來偵測蚜蟲之群落混合，可發現造成群落混合的多為兵蚜，但在陷阱捕捉上主要遷徙的個體多為非兵蚜。分子標記及陷阱捕捉結果的不一致性可能與兵蚜的防禦效率以及階級辨識能力有關。不孕兵蚜的入侵行為並不會對被入侵之族群帶來威脅，反而會提高族群整體之防禦力，而具有生殖能力的非兵蚜之入侵，則會藉由產生子代而消耗被侵入之蟲癭內食物與空間來擴大族群。所以推測兵蚜可能會阻擋非兵蚜，但不阻擋兵蚜進入。本研究推論兵蚜的防禦行為以及對同種間兵蚜及非兵蚜的辨識能力，能對群落混合現象的發生，具有某種程度之抑制作用。About 50 species of aphids producing soldiers to increase the fitness of their colony are known as social insects. These aphids hold a special place in social insects because of their parthenogenetic reproduction. Therefore, the members of a colony are genetically identical, which means soldiers should have the same genome type with their colony mates. The bamboo stem aphid, Pseudoregma bambucicola, is a kind of gall-forming social aphids, and their soldiers play a role as defenders to guard on the entrance of galls. Several studies have reported aphids invading galls of conspecies. The fitness of the host clone may reduce if the invasion of conspecific aphids succeeds, and clonal mixing phenomena in galls may be observed. Using field trapping and genetic markers, clonal mixing in the field populations was detected. From the result of field observation, the migration of aphids was mostly found from July to September. In addition, limited space of galls might cause intergall migrations. Two genetic makers, mitochondrial COI gene and inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR), were used to detect clonal mixing. No difference was found in mitochondria COI gene among different colonies. On the other hand, ISSR expressed specific fragments between colonies, and used in clonal mixing analysis. From the trapping, most members of migrants were identical as non-soldiers. By genetic analysis, soldiers were the main member who caused clonal mixing. This inconsistency between field trapping and genetic results might be explained by the defense efficiency and caste recognition of soldiers. Soldiers of P. bambucicola are sterile; they join to non-kin clones can’t cause menace. On the other hand, non-soldiers have the potential to decrease the quality and quantity of food recourses. By these reasons, guarding soldiers prevent invasions of non-soldiers to decrease the food competition between kin and non-kin, but accept that of soldiers to increase the defensive efficiency of their colonies. This study provided a good evidence on the defensive efficiency and caste recognition of soldiers to prevent their clones from clonal mixing to some extents.ACKNOWLEGEMENTS…………………………………………………………….i CHINESE ABSTRACT……………………….…………………………………….ii ABSTRACT….……………………………………………………………………...iii CONTENTS…………………………………………………………………………v LIST OF FIGURES……………………………………………………………...……vii LIST OF TABLES……………………………………………………………………viii INTRODUCTION……………………………..…………………………………….1 Molecular markers for genetic analysis…………………………………..……..2 Clonal mixing…………………………………………………………………….....3 Bamboo stem aphid Pseudoregma bambucicola………………………………..5 MATERIALS AND METHODS ……………………………………………………...7 Gall development……………………………………………………………….7 Gall inhabitant composition…………………………………………………….7 The intergall migration…………………………………………………………6 Molecular analysis………………………………………………………………8 Genomic DNA extraction………………………………………………….8 Mitochondrial DNA……………………………………………….……….9 Inter-simple sequence repeats……………………………………………...9 Polymerase chain reaction………………………………………...……….10 Statistics…………………………………………………………………………10 RESULTS………………………………………………………………………………11 Gall development……………………………………………………………...11 Gall inhabitant composition………………………………………………… 12 The intergall migration……………………………………………………….14 Mitochondrial gene………………..………………………………………….18 Inter-simple sequence repeat……..…………………………………………..22 DISCUSSION……………………………………………………………………….28 Gall generation of P. bambucicola……………………………………………28 Intergall migration of aphids…………………………………….……………29 Clonal mixing with molecular evidence……………………………….……...30 REFERENCES………………………………………………………………………33 APPENDIX………………………………………………………………………...39 The life cycle of P. bambucicola..........................................................................39 ISSR primer index………………………………………………………….……..401314634 bytesapplication/pdfen-US竹莖扁蚜群落混合ISSR社會性蚜蟲兵蚜social aphiddefense efficiencycaste recognitionclonal mixingthesishttp://ntur.lib.ntu.edu.tw/bitstream/246246/55064/1/ntu-96-R94632013-1.pdf