2012-03-242024-05-15https://scholars.lib.ntu.edu.tw/handle/123456789/664354摘要：本計畫為四年期計畫，目的在評估新興污染物於公共給水系統 (包括飲用水) 中可能潛在對人體健康的風險，並依輕重緩急評析其優先次序，階段性納入監測項目。整體計畫目的包括：(1) 建置新興污染物監測分析資訊；(2) 評估處理程序對新興污染物削減能力；(3) 檢視淨水場對新興污染物控制能力與最佳化；(4)評估配水系統中消毒副產物健康風險及管制策略；(5) 公共給水系統中新興污染物相關管制策略規劃；以及(6) 建立國際合作機制。 前二年度完成重點成果如下： 1. 建置新興污染物監測管理資訊 完成歐盟、紐西蘭等國家，監測資料之蒐集，主要彙整新興污染物於地表水與地下水中之監測需求，俾利於建置國內背景資料庫之規範。另一方面，亦彙整新興污染物於監測、處理與控制等方面之分工事項，以及所屬之權責單位或執行單位。就水利署而言，主要工作為建立背景資料庫、提升淨水場操作效率、以及加強集水區監控與保護等。 2. 檢視淨水場對新興污染物控制能力與最佳化 建立2200筆水質資料，結果顯示大多數清水之消毒副產物(THM與HAA)濃度均可控制於相當濃度之下。所有淨水場BTEX、NDMA均未檢出，致病菌(大腸桿菌)各清水中未測得。環境荷爾蒙方面，多數水樣中可檢測出少量之雙酚A；另一方面，NP則廣泛存在於各個單元中，清水中濃度最高在新山第一次採樣之120 ng/L。而廣泛存在各單元水中之壬基酚、雙酚A以及辛基酚，由於其濃度甚低，因此現階段健康風險計算結果均未對健康有所疑慮。 3. 評估處理程序對新興污染物削減能力 完成傳統單元(含混凝沈澱與快濾)、兩種NF薄膜對壬基酚與雙酚A之去除，以及臭氧對微囊藻毒去除之實驗室探討。顯示傳統單元去除NP之關鍵在於混凝膠羽有效吸附NP，但一般而言效果相當不穩定；另一方面加氯對於移除壬基酚之效率可以達到60-90%。臭氧劑量增加對三種藻體破壞皆呈現增加的現象，然而細胞數的增加會影響臭氧對細胞的破壞力，同時亦會影響臭氧對代謝物的去除力。 4. 建立國際合作機制 確認未來舉辦國際研討會之研討議題之外，同時聯絡待邀之學者專家，請其蒐集該國對新興污染物之最新資料之外，亦請其建議未來可能合作之對象、議題與模式。 本(100)年度為計畫執行第三年，除增加國外管制資訊之外，主要工作項目為：(1) 公共給水系統中新興污染物管制策略規劃；(2) 檢視國內公共給水系統新興污染物背景資料、控制能力及最佳化；(3) 評估配水系統中新興污染物流佈與配水系統安全；以及(4) 進行國際合作與交流。採樣對象除延續99年度淨水場之外，另新增高雄拷潭與翁公園淨水場，主要考慮其淨水程序包含高級處理單元(臭氧、活性碳、薄膜等)，此亦為本年度之重點工作。另針對三年來之數據進行統計分析，加以增加更完善新興污染物環境背景資料庫，並探討可能之污染來源。另一方面將持續探討實驗室單元處理，就前兩年被監測出新興污染物之去除，研擬其高級處理單元操作手冊，以提供淨水場操作之參考。<br> Abstract: This project is a four-year plan aimed at the assessment of “contaminant of emerging concern (CEC)” in public water supply systems (including drinking water), and of the potential risk to human health, by which to set up the priority of the monitoring program. The overall objectives are: (1) to establish the information for monitoring and analysis of CEC; (2) to evaluate the capabilities of treatment process for the reduction of CEC; (3) to review and optimize the water treatment plant for the control of CEC; (4) to evaluate the disinfection by-products and the corresponding health risks in water distribution system and the control strategies; (5) to plan the strategic management for public water supply system in the control of CEC; and (6) to establish mechanisms for international cooperation. The major achievements in 2009and 2010 include: 1. Revision of the monitoring and management information for CEC This project has added the monitoring requirement for data collection in surface water and groundwater of building the domestic background database. On the other hand, this project also summarized the responsible or the implementation authorities in the aspects of monitoring, treatment and control. To Water Resource Agency, the main tasks are (1) to establish the background database; (2) to enhance operational efficiency of the water treatment plant; and (3) to strengthen monitoring and protection of watershed. 2. Review and optimization for the water treatment plant in the control of CEC This project has completed five runs of sampling and analysis, and established 2200 data of water quality. The results showed that most water disinfection by-products (THM and HAA) concentrations can be controlled under a certain level. Neither BTEX nor NDMA was not been detected at all water treatment plants. For environmental hormones, a small amount of bisphenol-A was detected in the majority of water samples; meanwhile, NP was widely present in each unit and the highest concentration was 120 ng/L. Since each concentration of nonylphenol, bisphenol-A and octylphenol was very low, the results of health risk assessment were not significant. 3. Evaluation of the water treatment plant for the reduction of CEC This project has completed the evaluation of traditional units (including coagulation-sedimentation, rapid filtration, and chlorination) and two NF membranes for the reduction of nonylphenol and bisphenol-A, and the evaluation of ozonation for the reduction of microcystin. The efficiency of chlorination for the removal of nonylphenol could reach 60-90%. Increasing the dose of ozone could enhance the damage on three algae, but increasing the number of the cells could affect the destructive ability of ozone. The two NF membranes exhibited better NP removal efficiency in weak-acid condition. On the other hand, the background matrix existing in natural water could enhance the removal efficiency of the membranes, but exhibited a negative impact on the conventional unit. 4. Establishment of the mechanisms for international cooperation This project has proposed the agenda, including the theme and invitees of the international workshop. In addition, this project is keeping in touch with international accredited scholar and organization for the cooperation objects, issues and patterns. This year (2011) is the third year of project execution. The major items of work are: (1) to establish the master plan for the control of CEC in the public water supply system; (2) to establish the CEC database in the public water supply system, so as to examine and to optimize the process capabilities for reduction; (3) to assess the health risk of disinfection by-product in the water distribution system; and (4) to implement the memorandum for international cooperation.新興污染物公共給水系統風險評估Contaminant of emerging concernRublic water supply systemRisk assessment