SHIH-HAN HUNG2025-05-022025-05-022025-05https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S161886672500086Xhttps://scholars.lib.ntu.edu.tw/handle/123456789/728793Through the application of biophilic design, urban environments provide insights into the dynamic interplay of nature, biodiversity, and human health. This study examined how perceived biophilic design (PBD) and perceived restorativeness in urban parks influenced visitors' subjective vitality, focusing on the mediating roles of perceived naturalness and biodiversity elements. Out of the 1177 questionnaires collected across four types of urban parks (ecological parks, inclusive playground parks, sports parks, and open green spaces), 1133 were complete and thus valid. The results showed that ecological parks were rated highest in perceived naturalness, while open green spaces were perceived to have greater biodiversity in bird and plant/tree species. Positive correlations were found among PBD, perceived restorativeness, perceived naturalness, and subjective vitality. Path analyses revealed that PBD and perceived restorativeness had significant direct effects on subjective vitality, with perceived naturalness as a mediator. Perceptions of biodiversity elements such as plants/trees, birds, and butterflies also contributed to PBD, perceived restorativeness, and the subjective vitality, although their impacts varied across the four park types. This research contributes to the existing literature on environmental psychology by providing the pathways through which biophilic design and restorative urban environments improve people’s psychological health. The study emphasizes the need for urban planning strategies that incorporate natural elements and biodiversity to promote public health and well-being.Perceived biophilic designPerceived biodiversityPsychological benefitsHuman–nature interactionUrban nature[SDGs]SDG3[SDGs]SDG11journal article10.1016/j.ufug.2025.128752