2011-04-012024-05-17https://scholars.lib.ntu.edu.tw/handle/123456789/680347摘要：人的生物結構與人的多樣性 中文計劃摘要 　　本計畫之主要問題意識，就是結合生物學成果與人文世界現狀，回答人文世界的實然情況與應然規範的問題。本研究計畫的初步構想來自於目前國際學術研究中所盛行的跨學科整合趨勢，尤其是介於人文學科與科技領域之間的整合。本計畫延續先前「第一期邁向頂尖大學研究計畫」執行三年的研究計畫「生物學的人觀與我觀」之成果，將原有僅著重於「人的觀點」（the view of person）的研究焦點，擴大到有關「人的生物結構」(the human biological structure)以及「人在文化、道德、思想、藝術方面所呈現的多樣性」。 本計畫的研究方向有四： 第一、從人的生物結構看待人文世界的多元發展：針對人與生俱來所具有的雙重面向（生理面向與心理面向）進行深入的探討。人不僅身為生物界的一個物種（Homo sapiens），同時還活在因不同時空條件、歷史脈絡以及各式生活環境而發展出的多樣性人文世界。 第二、從人的生物結構看待道德世界的轉換：「人的道德如何存在於人的生物結構中？」。一方面，不同人種之間的生物結構有極高的相似性；而另一方面人的道德意識不但非常具體地存於每個人的心靈中，而且往往還展現出一種極高的共識，使得一般人對於善與惡之間的標準總是有合理溝通的基礎。這使得人是否因相似的生理結構而有相似的道德共識，成為倫理學與道德心理學所關心的問題。 第三、從哲學人類學的角度，來看待人作為主體與客體之間的發展與轉變：我們應當把人當成研究的主體或是被研究的客體？人往往在認識自己的過程中，因為牽扯到自我認同的問題，而使得論述失去價值中立的立場。這是個在理解人的過程中非常容易發生的錯誤，卻又是個不得不避免的問題。因此有關這方面問題的解決，往往涉及到方法論的問題：我們應該採用甚麼樣的方法來解決價值判斷上的問題？有的方法著重於行為主義的統計分析，另外一種則是比較屬於詮釋學的論述傳統。 第四、從人的生理本質來看人在藝術、語言以及文化思想上所展現的多樣性：著重於人類在展現意識的過程中，所呈現出來的方式。這些表現方式往往是透過語言思想，甚至於藝術作品的展示；而這些都可以讓人發現人的意識狀態中可包含極其複雜與多元的可能性。舉例來說，世界上的語言雖然分歧，彼此之間卻不失某些關鍵字詞的延續性。這暗示了人類的思想雖然龐雜，但是總是具有被系統化的可能性；這也經常是哲學家努力不懈的方向。此外，本方向也將著重於藝術上的探究，這是由於藝術品中別出心裁的表達，往往體現了個體思維的多樣性，並對於廣大閱聽者造成深遠的影響。 本計畫為求全面回答前所述問題，特綜合八項子計畫之研究進路，為期三年，冀希從人之生物結構，及其分別在文化（主要是生物結構與道德心理學）、道德（主要是演化倫理學）、思想（主要是哲學人類學）與藝術（主要是大腦科學與創造力之研究），四大人文領域中所展現之多樣性進行思索、探討、研究與出版。 <br> Abstract: The Biological Structure of Human Beings and Their Diversity Abstract The Problematic of the project intends to combine the research results of biological studies and the current situations of humanity in order to answer questions concerning the factual as well as the normative problems of the human world. The initial ideas of this project originate form the current of international trend of inter-disciplinary tenancy in research in general and that between science and humanity in particular. This project also considers itself to be the continuation of the previous 3-years project “The View of Person and I in Biology” and expands its result from “the view of person” to “the human biological structure and its diversity in human beings”. The project contains 4 approaches: 1. Examining the diversity of the human world from the biological structure of the humans: This approach concentrating on the double dimensions of the humans (physiological and psychological parts) will take a deep examination of the related topics. We intend to argue that the human beings are, not merely a species （Homo sapiens）, but also, due to their conditions of space and time, producers of diversified human worlds and historical contexts. 2. Examining the change of the moral world from the biological structure of the humans: We attempt to answer the following question, “How did the idea of morality develop in the biological structure of the human beings”. To this question, we have to take in to account two aspects: on the one hand, we human being all share the same biological structure and on the other side, we all have moral values which are usually more similar to each other than different. Sometimes, these values turn out to be the foundation of human communication which however pose the next questin: Is the biological structure sufficient to explain the birth, nature and development of human morality? 3. Examining human as the foci of the transformation of subjectivity and objectivity form the aspect of philosophical anthropology: “Should we consider humans as the subjects of study or its objects?” is the question in this part of the project. Undoubtedly, during the process of study, the humans are easily to be confused for missing the point of self-identification. The consequence of this is the lack of a value-free stance. This happens so commonly that it is both an error and also an unavoidable possibility. Therefore, the solution of it has a great deal to do with our methodology. Should we adopt the method of positivistic research by doing field inquiry or should we adopt the method of hermeneutic research by interpreting the texts? These are questions concerning the selection of method that we are going to implement in the project. 4. Examining the human diversity in art and in language by investigating the biological structure of the humans: The approaches stress very much the human consciousness which happens to be the sources of all human creations. Mostly, these creations are expressed through languages or artifacts. The looking of these stuffs tells us immediately the complicated nature of human consciousness which has to be the essential part of human diversity. The inter-connectness of some of the key words in expressing our ideas demonstrates fully that, though we are all different in thinking, we share tremendously. The share is ready to be systematicized if we are willing to do so. This is precisely the major aim of this approach. Art will be a beginning as artists produce creations, express their diversified forms of thinking and exert influences on their audience. Answering all questions in these 4 approaches constitutes essential parts of this project. We will divide this into 8 dimensions in accordance with the 8 members of the project. The project will last for 3 years and it hopes some research results will be achieved on the aspects of culture (the biological structure and moral psychology), morality (evolutionary ethics), thought (philosophical anthropology) and finally art (the brain science and the study of creativity).生物結構多樣性人觀文化道德思想藝術Biological structureDiversityThe view of personCultureMoralityThoughtand Art