Schmeller, Dirk S.Dirk S.SchmellerUrbach, DavnahDavnahUrbachBates, KieranKieranBatesCatalan, JordiJordiCatalanCogălniceanu, DanDanCogălniceanuFisher, Matthew C.Matthew C.FisherFriesen, JanJanFriesenFüreder, LeopoldLeopoldFürederGaube, VeronikaVeronikaGaubeHaver, MarilenMarilenHaverJacobsen, DeanDeanJacobsenLe Roux, GaelGaelLe RouxYU-PIN LINLoyau, AdelineAdelineLoyauMachate, OliverOliverMachateMayer, AndreasAndreasMayerPalomo, IgnacioIgnacioPalomoPlutzar, ChristophChristophPlutzarSentenac, HugoHugoSentenacSommaruga, RubenRubenSommarugaTiberti, RoccoRoccoTibertiRipple, William J.William J.Ripple2023-03-302023-03-302022-12-2000489697https://scholars.lib.ntu.edu.tw/handle/123456789/629904https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85138063421&doi=10.1016%2fj.scitotenv.2022.158611&partnerID=40&md5=cd88c1360fa2ba4b29fd46bce0a286f8Mountains are an essential component of the global life-support system. They are characterized by a rugged, heterogenous landscape with rapidly changing environmental conditions providing myriad ecological niches over relatively small spatial scales. Although montane species are well adapted to life at extremes, they are highly vulnerable to human derived ecosystem threats. Here we build on the manifesto ‘World Scientists' Warning to Humanity’, issued by the Alliance of World Scientists, to outline the major threats to mountain ecosystems. We highlight climate change as the greatest threat to mountain ecosystems, which are more impacted than their lowland counterparts. We further discuss the cascade of “knock-on” effects of climate change such as increased UV radiation, altered hydrological cycles, and altered pollution profiles; highlighting the biological and socio-economic consequences. Finally, we present how intensified use of mountains leads to overexploitation and abstraction of water, driving changes in carbon stock, reducing biodiversity, and impacting ecosystem functioning. These perturbations can provide opportunities for invasive species, parasites and pathogens to colonize these fragile habitats, driving further changes and losses of micro- and macro-biodiversity, as well further impacting ecosystem services. Ultimately, imbalances in the normal functioning of mountain ecosystems will lead to changes in vital biological, biochemical, and chemical processes, critically reducing ecosystem health with widespread repercussions for animal and human wellbeing. Developing tools in species/habitat conservation and future restoration is therefore essential if we are to effectively mitigate against the declining health of mountains.enClimate change | Environmental health | Policy | Pollution | Sustainable development goals[SDGs]SDG3[SDGs]SDG6[SDGs]SDG8[SDGs]SDG13[SDGs]SDG14[SDGs]SDG15[SDGs]SDG17Animals; Biodiversity; Carbon; Climate Change; Conservation of Natural Resources; Ecosystem; Humans; WaterClimate change; Conservation; Economic and social effects; Ecosystems; Environmental protection; Health; Health risks; Landforms; Pollution; Radiation effects; Sustainable developmentEcological niche; Environmental conditions; Environmental health; Hydrological cycles; Knock-on effect; Life supports; Mountain ecosystems; Spatial scale; Support systems; Sustainable development goalclimate change; conservation; environmental policy; environmental quality; mountain environment; pollution; restoration ecology; Sustainable Development Goalbiodiversity; climate change; ecological niche; ecosystem restoration; environmental health; environmental policy; environmental protection; human; hydrological model; invasive species; land use; mountain; nonhuman; parasite; pollution; Review; scientist; socioeconomics; threat; ultraviolet radiation; vegetation; wellbeing; animal; biodiversity; ecosystemreview article10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158611360876652-s2.0-85138063421WOS:000862777400006https://api.elsevier.com/content/abstract/scopus_id/85138063421