曾萬年Tzeng, Wann-Nian臺灣大學:漁業科學研究所呂世爾Rosel, Rodolph Charles NacpilRodolph Charles NacpilRosel2010-05-102018-07-062010-05-102018-07-062009U0001-1808200916572800http://ntur.lib.ntu.edu.tw//handle/246246/181718為了瞭解烏魚生活史策略及棲地利用，2007年11月至2008年2月總共在台灣的高屏溪河口採集了578尾烏魚，另外亦於菲律賓西北部的 Abulog 河口採集了9尾烏魚。其中有136尾用於年齡判定、42尾利用電子微探儀進行耳石鍶鈣比的分析。高屏溪河口補獲的烏魚之平均(±SE)尾叉長為 420.47 mm ± 2.43，年齡約2歲。體長體重關係之分析結果顯示此區的烏魚呈現等速成長現象(isometric growth)。首次成熟之尾叉長估計約 315 mm。成長參數以范氏成長方程式(von Bertalanffy growth equation)計算結果顯示極限尾叉長為 568.40 mm，成長係數(growth coefficient)為 0.22。生殖腺指數(Gonadosomatic indices)顯示烏魚的產卵期為冬天。耳石鍶鈣比的時間序列變化顯示高屏溪大部分的烏魚皆為淡水和海水之間的河口域洄游型。然而，菲律賓北部的烏魚則大部份時間是待在淡水溪流中。此結果顯示烏魚的棲地選擇的不確定性，可能依當地棲地的環境狀況而定。To understand the habitat use and life history strategies of the grey mullet Mugil cephalus, a total of 578 and 9 individuals were collected respectively from Kao Ping River in southwest Taiwan and from Abulog River, northwest Philippines in November 2007 to February 2009. Among them 136 individuals were aged by reading the annulus in the whole otoliths and 42 individuals were analyzed for otolith strontium to calcium ratios by electron probe microanalyzer. The mean (±SE) fork length (FL) of the grey mullet collected from Kao Ping River estuary was 420.47 mm ± 2.43, corresponding to an age of 2+ years. The relative growth of weight on length of the grey mullet was isometric. The length at first maturity was estimated to be 315.00 mm in fork length. Growth parameters of the mullet was fitted by von Bertalanffy growth equation as: asymptotic length (L∞) = 568.40 mm FL an growth coefficient (K) of 0.22. Gonadosomatic indices indicated that the mullet spawned during the winter season around December. The temporal change of Sr:Ca ratios in otolith indicated that most of the mullet from Kao Ping River was estuarine contingent. However, the Mugil cephalus from northern Philippines stayed longer in freshwater. These results indicated that the habitat use of the grey mullet is facultative, which depends on the environmental availability.COVER PAGE………………………………………..… ICKNOWLEDGMENT……………………………………….IIIABLE OF CONTENTS ………………………...………..1文摘要………………………………………………….. 5BSTRACT………………………………………………. 6 INTRODUCTION 1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY……………...... 71.1.1 BIOLOGY AND COMMERCIAL IMPORTANCE OF THE GREY MULLET MUGIL CEPHALUS……………… 1.1.2 AGE, MORPHOMETRICS AND OTOLITH MICROCHEMISTRY: THE BASIS OF LIFE HISTORY STRATEGIES…………………………………………….. 1.2 OBJECTIVES AND BASIS OF THE STUDY…………………….. 11 MATERIALS AND METHODS………………………………………….. 132.1 SAMPLING LOCATIONS………………………………………… 132.2 SAMPLING DESIGN AND SAMPLE PROCESSING…………… 132.3 LENGTH-WEIGHT RELATIONSHIP……………………………. 142.4 AGEING……………………………………………………………. 142.5 GONADOSOMATIC INDICES AND SEX RATIOS……………... 152.6 OTOLITH PREPARATION AND MICROPROBE ANALYSIS…. 152.7 STATISTICAL ANALYSIS……………………………………….. 162.8 DETERMINATION OF ESTUARINE CHECK AND DELINEATION OF OTOLITH SR:CA BOUNDARIES OF ESTUARINE ENVIRONMENT…………………………………… 62.9 CLASSIFICATION OF MIGRATORY CONTINGENTS………… 17 ESULTS………………………………………………………………….. 83.1 LENGTH AND WEIGHT DISTRIBUTION………………………. 183.2 LENGTH-WEIGHT RELATIONSHIP…………………………….. 183.3 SEX RATIOS……………………………………………………….. 183.4 AGE COMPOSITION AND GROWTH CURVE………………….. 193.5 MONTHLY CHANGE OF GONADOSOMATIC INDICES……… 203.6 OTOLITH SR/CA RATIOS OF MUGIL CEPHALUS FROM KAO PING RIVER ESTUARY…………………………………………... 03.7 COMPOSITION OF MIGRATORY CONTINGENTS……………. 213.8 MIGRATORY BEHAVIOR IN RELATION TO MATURATION... 223.9 OTOLITH SR/CA RATIOS OFMUGIL CEPHALUS FROM ABULUG RIVER, CAGAYAN, PHILIPPINES…………………… 23.9.1 MIGRATORY CONTINGENTS OF MUGIL CEPHALUS FROM ABULUG RIVER, CAGAYAN, CAGAYAN, PHILIPPINES……………………………………………. 3 ISCUSSION…………………………………………………………….. 54.1 GENERAL MORPHOMETRICS OF MUGIL CEPHALUS FROM KAO PING RIVER………………………………………………… 54.2 AGE STRUCTURE AND GROWTH OF MUGIL CEPHALUS FROM KAO PING RIVER………………………………………… 64.3 SPAWNING BIOLOGY OF THE MUGIL CEPHALUS IN KAO PING RIVER ESTUARY…………………………………………... 74.4 RELIABILITY OF SR/CA RATIOS AS MEASURE OF HABITAT SALINITY………………………………………………………….. 84.5 DISPARITY IN MIGRATORY BEHAVIORS OF THE MUGIL CEPHALUS………………………………………………………..... 84.6 MIGRATION HISTORY IN RELATION TO GONADOSOMATIC INDICES ………………………………..….. 94.7 MIGRATORY HISTORY OF MUGIL CEPHALUS FROM ABULUG RIVER, CAGAYAN, PHILIPPINES…………………… 0 UMMARY AND CONCLUSION……..………………………………… 1 EFERENCES……………………………..……………………………… 2ABLE 1. CLASSIFICATION OF MIGRATORY CONTIGENTS……………..…………... 40ABLE 2. OTOLITH SR/CA RATIOS AT THE PRIMORDIUM AND MEAN OTOLITH SR/CA RATIOS AT THE ESTUARINE CHECK OF SAMPLES OF GREY MULLETS MUGIL CEPHALUS FROM KAO PING RIVER ESTUARY……………………………………….. 1ABLE 3. OTOLITH SR/CA RATIOS AT THE PRIMORDIUM AND MEAN OTOLITH SR/CA RATIOS AT THE ESTUARINE CHECK OF SAMPLES OF GREY MULLETS MUGIL CEPHALUS FROM ABULOG RIVER, CAGAYAN, PHILIPPINES………………………… 2ABLE 4. SAMPLING DATES, FORK LENGTH (FL) AND WEIGHT OF MUGIL CEPHALUS COLLECTED FROM KAO PING RIVER ESTUARY, SOUTHWEST OF TAIWAN... 2ABLE 5. LENGTH-AT-AGE FREQUENCY OF MUGIL CEPHALUS COLLECTED FROM KAO PING RIVER ESTUARY…………………………………………………………. 3ABLE 6. STATISTICAL T-TEST OF THE SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCE IN MEAN SR/CA RATIOS IN PRIMORDIUM AND ESTUARINE CHECK OF OTOLITHS OF MUGIL CEPHALUS FROM KAO PING RIVER ESTUARY, SOUTHWEST OF TAIWAN (A) AND ABULOG RIVER, CAGAYAN, NORTHERN PHILIPPINES (B)…………………………………………...……………………………………... 4ABLE 7. DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS OF THE SR:CA RATIOS OF RIVERINE MIGRATORY CONTINGENT OF MUGIL CEPHALUS FROM KAO PING RIVER ESTUARY… 5ABLE 8. DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS OF THE SR:CA RATIOS OF ESTUARINE MIGRATORY CONTINGENT OF MUGIL CEPHALUS FROM KAO PING RIVER ESTUARY… 6ABLE 9. DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS OF THE SR/CA RATIOS OF RIVERINE MIGRATORY CONTINGENT OF MUGIL CEPHALUS FROM ABULOG RIVER, CAGAYAN PHILIPPINES………………………………………………………………………... 7ABLE 10. DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS OF THE SR/CA RATIOS OF ESTUARINE MIGRATORY CONTINGENT OF MUGIL CEPHALUS FROM ABULOG RIVER, CAGAYAN PHILIPPINES………………………………………………………………………... 7IG 1. A TYPICAL GREY MULLET MUGIL CEPHALUS CAUGHT AT THE ESTUARY OFAO PING RIVER, SOUTHWEST OF TAIWAN………………………………………... 8IG 2. (a) A CROSS-SECTIONED OTOLITH AND ETCHED WITH 5% EDTA. P = PRIMORDIUM SCALE BAR = 500 μM (B) MAGNIFIED AREA OF THE CORE OF THE OTOLITH SHOWING THE ESTUARINE CHECK WITH MICROPROBE LASER ABLATION MARKS (ARROWS). SCALE BAR = 200 μM…………………………………………... 8IG 3. LENGTH FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION OF THE 578 INDIVIDUALS OF GREY MULLETS MUGIL CEPHALUS SAMPLED FROM KAO PING RIVER ESTUARY………….. 9IG 4. LENGTH-WEIGHT RELATIONSHIP OF MUGIL CEPHALUS FROM THE KAOPING RIVER ESTUARY……………………………………………………………………. 9IG 5. MONTHLY CHANGE OF SEX RATIOS OF MUGIL CEPHALUS COLLECED IN KAO PING RIVER ESTUARY. N = SAMPLE SIZE…………………………………………… 0IG 6. (A) WHOLE OTOLITH OF THE MUGIL CEPHALUS WITH AN AGE OF 3+ YEARS BASED ON THE VISIBLE OPAQUE ZONES IN THE PROXIMAL-DISTAL AXIS. (B) THE RESPECTIVE ORIENTATION OF THE OTOLITH A, ANTERIOR; P, POSTERIOR; D, DORSAL; V, VENTRAL; DI, DISTAL; PR, PROXIMAL. SCALE BAR = 1 MM………….. 0IG 7. AGE FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION OF MUGIL CEPHALUS FROM KAO PING RIVER ESTUARY AS DETERMINED BY WHOLE OTOLITH. N = SAMPLE SIZE…………………. 1IG 8. VON BERTALANFFY GROWTH CURVE FOR THE UNSORTED SEX AND FEMALE OF MUGIL CEPHALUS FROM KAO PING RIVER, SOUTHWEST OF TAIWAN……………. 1IG 9. MONTHLY CHANGES IN MEAN GONADOSOMATIC INDICES OF MUGIL CEPHALUS FROM KAO PING RIVER ESTUARY, SOUTHWEST OF TAIWAN. N = 194…… 2IG 10. ESTIMATED LENGTH AT FIRST MATURITY (LM) FOR THE GREY MULLETS FROM KAO PING RIVER ESTUARY. DASHED LINE INDICATES WHERE HALF OF THE SAMPLES ARE MATURE……………………………………………………………… 2IG 11. MUGIL CEPHALUS. TEMPORAL CHANGES OF MEAN SR:CA RATIOS FROM THE PRIMORDIUM TOWARDS THE ESTUARINE CHECKS OF THE OTOLITHS OF MUGIL CEPHALUS FROM KAO PING RIVER ESTUARY……………………………………….. 3IG 12. NORMAL DISTRIBUTIONS OF STRONTIUM TO CALCIUM RATIOS IN THE OTOLITHS OF MUGIL CEPHALUS FOR (A) AGE 1 (B) AGE 2 AND (C) AGE 3; N = NUMBER OF INDIVIDUALS, N = NUMBER OF DATA POINTS………………….……….. 4IG 13. MUGIL CEPHALUS. SR:CA RATIOS OF RIVERINE MIGRATORY CONTINGENTSF THE MULLET FROM KAO PING RIVER ESTUARY. (A) KP080212_6, (B) KP0802162, (C) KP080216_5 AND (D) KP080217_3. RED BARS INDICATE THE UPPER ANDOWER LIMITS OF THE ESTUARY ENVIRONMENT. (▽) ESTUARINE CHECK. (▼)NNULI……………………………………………………………………………..55 IG 14. MUGIL CEPHALUS. SR:CA RATIOS OF RIVERINE MIGRATORY CONTINGENTS OF THE MULLET FROM KAO PING RIVER ESTUARY. (A) KP080218_2, (B) KP080218 _3, (C) KP080218_5 AND (D) KP071123_16. RED BARS INDICATE THE UPPER AND LOWER LIMITS OF THE ESTUARY ENVIRONMENT. (▽) ESTUARINE CHECK. (▼) ANNULI……………………………………………………………………….……56IG 15. MUGIL CEPHALUS. SR:CA RATIOS OF RIVERINE MIGRATORY CONTINGENTS OF THE MULLET FROM KAO PING RIVER ESTUARY. (A) KP080102_1, (B) KP080815 _51. RED BARS INDICATE THE UPPER AND LOWER LIMITS OF THE ESTUARY ENVIRONMENT. (▽) ESTUARINE CHECK. (▼) ANNULI……………………………57IG 16. MUGIL CEPHALUS. SR:CA RATIOS OF ESTUARINE MIGRATORY CONTINGENTS OF THE MULLET FROM KAO PING RIVER ESTUARY. (A) KP080211_1, (B) KP080211 _4, (C) KP080212 _2, (D) KP080214 _1. RED BARS INDICATE THE UPPER AND LOWER LIMITS OF THE ESTUARY ENVIRONMENT. (▽) ESTUARINE CHECK. (▼) ANNULI……………………………………………………58IG 17. MUGIL CEPHALUS. SR:CA RATIOS OF ESTUARINE MIGRATORY CONTINGENTS OF THE MULLET FROM KAO PING RIVER ESTUARY. (A) KP080214_4, (B) KP080215 _4, (C) KP080215 _5, (D) KP080215 _7. RED BARS INDICATE THE UPPER AND LOWER LIMITS OF THE ESTUARY ENVIRONMENT. (▽) ESTUARINE CHECK. (▼) ANNULI………………………………………………………59IG 18. MUGIL CEPHALUS. SR:CA RATIOS OF ESTUARINE MIGRATORY CONTINGENTS OF THE MULLET FROM KAO PING RIVER ESTUARY. (A) KP080216_1, (B) KP080216 _3, (C) KP080216 _4, (D) KP080217 _1. RED BARS INDICATE THE UPPER AND LOWER LIMITS OF THE ESTUARY ENVIRONMENT. (▽) ESTUARINE CHECK. (▼) ANNULI…………………………………………………60IG 19. MUGIL CEPHALUS. SR:CA RATIOS OF ESTUARINE MIGRATORY CONTINGENTS OF THE MULLET FROM KAO PING RIVER ESTUARY. (A) KP080217_4, (B) KP080217 _5, (C) KP080218 _1, (D) KP080218 _6. RED BARS INDICATE THE UPPER AND LOWER LIMITS OF THE ESTUARY ENVIRONMENT. (▽) ESTUARINE CHECK. (▼) ANNULI……………………………………………………………..61IG 20. MUGIL CEPHALUS. SR:CA RATIOS OF ESTUARINE MIGRATORY CONTINGENTS OF THE MULLET FROM KAO PING RIVER ESTUARY. (A) KP080218_7, (B) KP071123 _17, (C) KP071123 _18, (D) KP071210 _6. RED BARS INDICATE THE UPPER AND LOWER LIMITS OF THE ESTUARY ENVIRONMENT. (▽) ESTUARINE CHECK. (▼) ANNULI…………………………………………………………62IG 21. MUGIL CEPHALUS. SR:CA RATIOS OF ESTUARINE MIGRATORY CONTINGENTS OF THE MULLET FROM KAO PING RIVER ESTUARY. (A) KP071210_13, (B) KP080815_17, (C) KP080820 _7. RED BARS INDICATE THE UPPER AND LOWER LIMITS OF THE ESTUARY ENVIRONMENT. (▽) ESTUARINE CHECK. (▼) ANNULI………………………………………………………….…63IG 22.RELATIONSHIP BETWEEEN GSI AND THE SR:CA RATIOS IN THE OTOLITH EDGES OF MUGIL CEPHALUS. RED BARS INDICATE THE UPPER AND LOWER LIMITS OF THE 95% CI OF SR:CA RATIOS AT THE ESTUARINE CHECK OF THE OTOLITH WHICH IS THE BOUNDARY OF THE ESTUARY ENVIRONMENT………………………………….64IG 23. MUGIL CEPHALUS. THE DECREASE OF MEAN SR:CA RATIOS FROM THE PRIMORDIUM TOWARDS THE ESTUARINE CHECKS IN OTOLITHS OF MUGIL CEPHALUS FROM ABULOG RIVER, CAGAYAN, NORTHERN PHILIPPINES………………………..65IG 24. MUGIL CEPHALUS. SR:CA RATIOS OF RIVERINE MIGRATORY CONTINGENTS OF THE MULLET FROM ABULOG RIVER, PHILIPPINES. (A) PH0702_3, (B) PH0702_6, (C) PH0702_7, (D) PH0702_11. RED BARS INDICATE THE UPPER AND LOWER LIMITS OF THE ESTUARY ENVIRONMENT. (▽) ESTUARINE CHECK. (▼)ANNULI………67IG 25. MUGIL CEPHALUS. SR:CA RATIOS OF RIVERINE MIGRATORY CONTINGENTS OF THE MULLET FROM ABULOG RIVER, PHILIPPINES. (A) PH0702_12, (B) PH0702_14, (C) PH0702_15. RED BARS INDICATE THE UPPER AND LOWER LIMITS OF THE ESTUARY ENVIRONMENT. (▽) ESTUARINE CHECK. (▼) ANNULI…………68IG 26. MUGIL CEPHALUS. SR:CA RATIOS OF ESTUARINE MIGRATORY CONTINGENTS OF THE MULLET FROM ABULOG RIVER, PHILIPPINES. (A) PH0702_9, AND (B) PH0702_10. RED BARS INDICATE THE UPPER AND LOWER LIMITS OF THE ESTUARY ENVIRONMENT. (▽) ESTUARINE CHECK. (▼) ANNULI…………….69application/pdf2283504 bytesapplication/pdfen-US遷徙歷史烏魚高萍河耳石微化學migratory historygrey mulletKao Ping Riverotolith microchemistryhttp://ntur.lib.ntu.edu.tw/bitstream/246246/181718/1/ntu-98-R96b45030-1.pdf