陳復國臺灣大學:機械工程學研究所王劭駿Wang, Shao-ChunShao-ChunWang2007-11-282018-06-282007-11-282018-06-282004http://ntur.lib.ntu.edu.tw//handle/246246/61279鎂合金由於具有密度低之特點,目前於3C產品外殼之應用成長快速,而「沖鍛成形」正適合量產製造具螺絲孔與肋之薄壁外殼,然而目前業界與學術界對這方面之研究並不多,因此本論文探討AZ系鎂合金板材其沖鍛成形性與模具設計方式。 由於所討論之製程參數甚多,因此使用有限元素軟體DEFORM進行模擬,以節省實驗所需之時間與成本。本論文首先研究沖鍛時凸柱與側壁的材料流動方式,結果顯示成品邊長越長、角落R角越小與潤滑條件越差,會造成側壁的高度生長不均勻。本研究並針對沖鍛時成品的吸孔現象研究其成形機制,結果顯示凸柱半徑大且板材厚度越薄時,容易產生吸孔。本論文並由影響吸孔之敏感參數建立吸孔發生準則,使用此準則可快速判斷成形時是否會產生吸孔。 在沖鍛模具設計方面,可採用二道次工程成形,在第一道次先成形部分的側壁,並且局部增厚凸柱附近的板材,而第二道次工程,則設計拘束壁與餘料逃隙,並以凸柱孔成形出凸柱,在此設計方式下,沖鍛成形過程中無吸孔產生,凸柱與側壁也達到要求高度。 本研究並實際開模進行沖鍛實驗以驗證模擬之正確性,由實驗結果可知DEFORM預測凸柱與側壁生長高度的正確性很高,而實驗所得各製程參數對吸孔之影響與模擬分析之趨勢相同。另外由於3C產品外殼要求的表面品質必須非常高,本論文並探討不同潤滑劑對實際沖鍛結果之影響,比較其高溫下的潤滑效果,由此可知石墨與二硫化鉬適合使用於鎂合金的高溫沖鍛成形。本論文所獲得之研究成果可提供鎂合金沖鍛成形業者進行製程規劃以及模具設計時的參考。The superior properties of magnesium-alloy attracted attentions from the electronics industry recently. Although the principal manufacturing process of the magnesium-alloy products has been die casting, the press forging has considerable potential because of its competitive productivity and performance. So the press forging process of magnesium-alloys at elevated temperatures was studied in the present study by the finite element analysis and experiments. In the press forging process, the heights of the side wall and the defects on the bottom of the boss called ”flow through phenomenon ” are critical issues. In order to examine the effect of process parameters on these issues, the finite element software DEFORM was employed to simulate the press forging processes. According to the results of simulations, the influence of important process parameters such as the features of parts, friction conditions, temperature, punch shape and the thickness of sheet are obtained. After obtaining the material flow pattern in press forging, a cell phone case is used to investigate the die design technologies in press forging process. A method for die designing is established in this study. The forming process is divided into two stages including perform and finishing. By the forming results, it shows that this forming process is useful to avoid ”flow through phenomenon ” and raise the heights of the side wall. The analyzed results are also verified by experiments. The experimental results obtained in the present study show good agreement with simulations. Besides, different lubricants are tested. Lubricants graphite and MoS2 are suitable for the press forging of AZ magnesium-alloys at elevated temperature. The results of this study can be reference resources for related academic research and can also be used to develop related products for industry production.目 錄 目錄-----------------------------------------------------Ⅳ 圖目錄---------------------------------------------------Ⅶ 表目錄---------------------------------------------------XI 第一章 緒論-----------------------------------------------1 1.1 前言--------------------------------------------------1 1.2 研究動機與目的----------------------------------------4 1.3 文獻回顧----------------------------------------------6 1.4 研究方法與步驟----------------------------------------11 1.5 論文總覽----------------------------------------------17 第二章 沖鍛成形製程研究-----------------------------------18 2.1 有限元素法軟體DEFORM簡介------------------------------20 2.2 模擬模型之建立----------------------------------------22 2.3 側壁生長高度之研究------------------------------------23 2.3.1 數位相機與手機外殼之沖鍛模擬------------------------23 2.3.2 邊長與R角對側壁高度均勻性之影響---------------------26 2.3.3 潤滑條件與成形溫度對側壁高度均勻性之影響------------31 2.4 模具設計方式------------------------------------------33 2.4.1 手機外殼之沖鍛模具設計------------------------------33 2.4.2 角落處之凸柱成形------------------------------------41 第三章 沖鍛製程中吸孔現象之研究分析-----------------------48 3.1 吸孔模擬模型之建立------------------------------------48 3.1.1 二維有限元素模型之建立------------------------------50 3.1.2 三維有限元素模型之建立------------------------------52 3.2 二維有限元素法分析吸孔現象----------------------------53 3.2.1 潤滑條件與溫度對吸孔現象之影響----------------------54 3.2.2 圓形胚料厚度與側壁厚度對吸孔現象之影響--------------58 3.2.3 凸柱半徑對吸孔現象之影響----------------------------61 3.2.4 吸孔現象形成機制之初步研究--------------------------63 3.3 元素大小對模擬吸孔現象之影響--------------------------65 3.3.1 四分之一模擬軸對稱圓形胚料之沖鍛製程----------------68 3.3.2 四分之一模擬正方形薄壁成品之沖鍛製程----------------70 3.3.3 八分之一模擬四方形薄壁成品之沖鍛製程----------------72 3.4 製程參數對吸孔現象之敏感度分析------------------------74 3.4.1 潤滑條件與溫度對吸孔現象之敏感度分析----------------74 3.4.2 側壁厚度與成品邊長對吸孔現象之敏感度分析------------78 3.4.3 凸柱造型尺寸對吸孔現象之敏感度分析------------------80 3.4.4 敏感度分析結果之討論--------------------------------84 3.5 建立吸孔現象發生準則----------------------------------87 第四章 改善吸孔現象之製程技術-----------------------------92 4.1 變更成品造型以改善吸孔現象----------------------------94 4.2 控制凸柱生長速度以改善吸孔現象------------------------97 4.3 二道次工程改善吸孔現象-------------------------------101 4.3.1 一號粗鍛胚沖鍛結果---------------------------------101 4.3.2 二號粗鍛胚沖鍛結果---------------------------------105 4.3.3 三號粗鍛胚沖鍛結果---------------------------------108 4.3.4 四號粗鍛胚沖鍛結果---------------------------------110 4.3.5 二道次工程之製程規劃與模具設計---------------------113 第五章 有限元素模擬驗證與沖鍛潤滑劑之選用----------------117 5.1 沖鍛模具設計-----------------------------------------117 5.1.1 模具材料之選擇-------------------------------------117 5.1.2 模具加熱方式---------------------------------------118 5.1.3 模具基座-------------------------------------------119 5.1.4 沖頭與母模之設計-----------------------------------120 5.2 有限元素分析之驗證-----------------------------------121 5.2.1 材料成分分析---------------------------------------121 5.2.2 圓環壓縮實驗---------------------------------------122 5.2.3 驗證凸柱與側壁高度模擬之結果-----------------------125 5.2.4 吸孔研究之驗證-------------------------------------129 5.3 潤滑劑對沖鍛成形之影響-------------------------------133 第六章 結論----------------------------------------------137 參考文獻-------------------------------------------------140en-US潤滑劑鎂合金AZ31板材模具設計沖鍛成形吸孔現象3C產品外殼有限元素法LubricantAZ31 magnesium-alloyPress forgingFinite element methodFlow through phenomenonCases of electronic productsDie design鎂合金板材沖鍛成形模具設計之研究A Study of Die Design for Press Forging of Magnesium-Alloy Sheetsthesis