Reeder, D. BenjaminD. BenjaminReederChiu, Linus Y. S.Linus Y. S.ChiuCHI-FANG CHEN2025-11-252025-11-252025-01-0197898198097149789819809707https://www.scopus.com/record/display.uri?eid=2-s2.0-105018413388&origin=resultslisthttps://scholars.lib.ntu.edu.tw/handle/123456789/734112A joint Taiwanese-U.S. field experiment was conducted in the South China Sea (SCS), entitled the South China Sea Oceanic Processes Experiment (Taiwan)/Non-Linear Internal Waves Initiative (US) (SCOPE/NLIWI), the ocean acoustics portion of which occurred during April 12–22, 2007. The acoustics objective was to quantify the temporal and spatial variability in acoustic propagation characteristics on the continental shelf in the presence of locally-generated and trans-basin nonlinear internal waves (NLIW). Broadband (400 Hz center frequency) m-sequence signals transmitted nearly continuously by a source moored near the seabed were received by vertical line arrays at 3 and 6 km range. The acoustic transect was oriented approximately parallel to the wave fronts of the shoaling trans-basin NLIW’s which had crossed the deep basin from their origin in the Luzon Strait. The acoustic propagation variability due to strong vertical and horizontal refraction induced by the very large NLIW’s creates an extremely complex acoustic field as a function of time and space. Experimental data and numerical acoustic propagation modeling results are presented to (1) examine and estimate the contribution of internal wave induced horizontal refraction to the received acoustic field; and (2) to quantify the range of propagation angles relative to the internal wave fronts within which strong horizontal refraction occurs and 3D propagation models are required to accurately predict the range- and depth-dependent acoustic propagation.falseAcoustic ductingelevation wavesFOR3Dhorizontal refractionNLIWInonlinear internal wavesSouth China Sea[SDGs]SDG14book part10.1142/9789819803408_00172-s2.0-105018413388