江文瑜臺灣大學：語言學研究所張廖宜ChangLiao, IIChangLiao2007-11-282018-06-282007-11-282018-06-282005http://ntur.lib.ntu.edu.tw//handle/246246/59385本研究著重於中文聲調與情緒之間的交互作用。為了增加可信度，本篇報告中分析的語料皆取自受過良好聲音表演訓練者，語料則皆為單音節的中文字。我們所探討的參數包括了音高、音量及音長。 在本篇研究中我們發現中文的一聲與三聲音頻的走向會隨著說話者情緒不同而改變，二聲及四聲則是維持穩定的上揚與下降。然而，一聲與三聲的音頻方向變化並非無跡可尋。我們發現這兩個聲調的音頻走向可能與Lakoff (1987) 所描述的人類認知概念有關。根據Lakoff,人類普遍擁有「上為佳，下為劣」(up is good, down is bad)的身體經驗。巧妙的是，在我們的資料中，我們亦發現上揚的音頻通常被用來表現正面的情緒，而下降的音頻則大多被應用在負面的情緒中，與Lakoff所描述的身體經驗吻合。 此外，關於情緒對聲調的改變，我們發現Ladd (1996) 所提出的音頻整體上揚假說是不足的。在我們的語料中，除了音頻整體上揚，我們還觀察到音頻有時也會有部份上揚的情形。 Bolinger (1989) 的宇宙觀（universalist view）也有一些地方是需要做修正的。首先，宇宙觀無法被直接運用到不同型態的語言中。例如，中文的二聲與四聲不因說話者的情緒而改變音頻方向，這便有違宇宙觀的說法。再者，情緒的表現可能會有文化差異，這一點也是不可忽視的。 最後，不同的性別反應出情緒上表現的差異。男性較常使用提高音頻的方式來表現憤怒，而女性則否。除此之外，一般對於男性說話缺乏情緒表現的刻板印象可能是來自於社會限制。This study is focused on the interaction between emotion and Mandarin tones, which is rarely investigated in previous research. To get qualified data, well-trained voice performers were asked to utter monosyllabic Chinese words with different kinds of emotion. Parameters adopted in this research are pitch, intensity and duration. According to our data, it is found that Tone 1 and Tone 3 change their pitch direction to reflect speaker’s emotional state while Tone 2 and Tone 4 do not. However, the pitch directions of Tone 1 and Tone 3 are not randomly modified. The pitch variation of Tone 1 and Tone 3 may relate to Lakoff’s (1987) description of general human body experience: up is good, down is bad. Based on our results, positive emotions are usually expressed with rising pitch and negative emotions are usually with falling pitch. Moreover, our data revealed that Ladd’s (1996) overall tone raising schema is not sufficient to explain the pitch modification of tones in different emotions. According to our analysis, except for Ladd’s ‘overall’ tone raising, there should also be ‘partial’ tone raising. Then, a few points should be clarified in Bolinger’s (1989) universalist view . First, universalist view should be modified to be applied in different languages. For example, in our research, Tone 2 and Tone 4 do not change their pitch direction to express emotion, which is not compatible with Bolinger’s assumption. In addition, Possible culture differences in the expression of emotion should also be noted. Finally, differences in vocal performance of emotion are observed between the two genders. Males tend to express anger with rising pitch while females do not. In addition , the general impression of male’s monotonous speech may be a result of sanctions from social factors.Table of Contents 1.Introduction……………………………………………… 3 1.1Literature Review…………………………………………3 1.2Research Goals a and ResearchQuestions………………14 1.3Methodology…………………………………………………15 1.4Organization of this Paper…………………………… 23 2.Results from Tone 1……………………………………… 24 2.1Pitch of Tone 1…………………………………………… 24 2.2Intensity of Tone 1……………………………………… 38 2.3Duration of Tone 1…………………………………………51 2.4Summary of Tone 1………………………………………… 54 3.Results from Tone 2………………………………………. 58 3.1 Pitch of Tone2…………………………………………… 58 3.2 Intensity of Tone 2………………………………………72 3.3 Duration of Tone 2………………………………………. 84 3.4 Summary of Tone 2………………………………………… 87 4.Results from Tone 3………………………………………… 91 4.1 Pitch of Tone 3…………………………………………… 91 4.2 Intensity of Tone 3……………………………………… 104 4.3 Duration of Tone 3……………………………………… 117 4.4 Summary of Tone 3…………………………………………120 5.Results from Tone 4………………………………………… 125 5.1 Pitch of Tone 4………………………………………… 125 5.2 Intensity of Tone 4……………………………………… 138 5.3 Duration of Tone 4………………………………………. 151 5.4 Summary of Tone 4………………………………………… 154 6.General Discussion………………………………………… 158 6.1 The relationship between emotion and Mandarin tones158 6.2 The comparison of emotional expression in intonation language and tone language……………………168 6.3 Gender issue………………………………………………. 172 6.4 Conclusion…………………………………………………174 6.5 Further research…………………………………………175 References………………………………………………….. 177 Appendix………………………………………………………. 179 Tables Table 1. The average BPs and their standard deviations of Tone 1……………. 24 Table 2. The average EPs and their standard deviations of Tone 1……………. 25 Table 3. The mean differences between BP and EP of Tone 1………………… 27 Table 4. The average MaxPs and their standard deviations of Tone 1………….. 28 Table 5. The average MinPs and their standard deviations of Tone 1………….. 29 Table 6. The average AvePs and their standard deviations of Tone 1…………... 31 Table 7. The average Prange01s and their standard deviations of Tone 1……… 32 Table 8. The average Prange02s and their standard deviations of Tone 1……… 34 Table 9. The average Pslope01s and their standard deviations of Tone 1………. 35 Table 10. The average Pslope02s and their standard deviations of Tone 1………. 36 Table 11. The average BIs and their standard deviations of Tone 1……………… 38 Table 12. The average EIs and their standard deviations of Tone 1……………… 39 Table 13. The average MaxIs and their standard deviations of Tone 1…………... 41 Table 14. The average MinIs and their standard deviations of Tone 1…………… 42 Table 15. The average AveIs and their standard deviations of Tone 1…………… 44 Table 16. The average Irange01s and their standard deviations of Tone 1………. 45 Table 17. The average Irange02s and their standard deviations of Tone 1……….. 47 Table 18. The average Islope01s and their standard deviations of Tone 1…….…. 48 Table 19. The average Islope02s and their standard deviations of Tone 1……….. 49 Table 20. The average Duration01s and their standard deviations of Tone 1…….. 51 Table 21. The average Duration02s and their standard deviations of Tone 1…….. 52 Table 22. The summary of pitch parameters from Tone 1………………………... 55 Table 23. The summary of intensity parameters from Tone 1……………………. 56 Table 24. The summary of duration parameters from Tone 1…………………….. 57 Table 25. The average BPs and their standard deviations of Tone 2……………... 58 Table 26. The average EPs and their standard deviations of Tone 2……………... 59 Table 27. The mean differences between BP and EP of Tone 2………………….. 61 Table 28. The average MaxPs and their standard deviations of Tone 2………….. 62 Table 29. The average MinPs and their standard deviations of Tone 2…………... 63 Table 30. The average AvePs and their standard deviations of Tone 2…………… 65 Table 31. The average Prange01s and their standard deviations of Tone 2………. 66 Table 32. The average Prange02s and their standard deviations of Tone 2………. 68 Table 33. The average Pslope01s and their standard deviations of Tone 2………. 69 Table 34. The average Pslope02s and their standard deviations of Tone 2………. 71 Table 35. The average BIs and their standard deviations of Tone 2……………… 72 Table 36. The average EIs and their standard deviations of Tone 2……………… 73 Table 37. The average MaxIs and their standard deviations of Tone 2…………... 75 Table 38. The average MinIs and their standard deviations of Tone 2…………… 76 Table 39. The average AveIs and their standard deviations of Tone 2……………. 77 Table 40. The average Irange01s and their standard deviations of Tone 2……….. 79 Table 41. The average Irange02s and their standard deviations of Tone 2……….. 80 Table 42. The average Islope01s and their standard deviations of Tone 2……….. 81 Table 43. The average Islope02s and their standard deviations of Tone 2……….. 83 Table 44. The average Duration01s and their standard deviations of Tone 2…….. 84 Table 45. The average Duration02s and their standard deviations of Tone 2…….. 85 Table 46. The summary of pitch parameters from Tone 2………………………... 87 Table 47. The summary of intensity parameters from Tone 2……………………. 89 Table 48. The summary of duration parameters from Tone 2…………………….. 90 Table 49. The average BPs and their standard deviations of Tone 3……………... 91 Table 50. The average EPs and their standard deviations of Tone 3……………... 92 Table 51. The mean differences between BP and EP of Tone 3………………….. 94 Table 52. The average MaxPs and their standard deviations of Tone 3………….. 95 Table 53. The average MinPs and their standard deviations of Tone 3…………... 96 Table 54. The average AvePs and their standard deviations of Tone 3…………… 98 Table 55. The average Prange01s and their standard deviations of Tone 3………. 99 Table 56. The average Prange02s and their standard deviations of Tone 3………. 101 Table 57. The average Pslope01s and their standard deviations of Tone 3………. 102 Table 58. The average Pslope02s and their standard deviations of Tone 3………. 103 Table 59. The average BIs and their standard deviations of Tone 3……………… 105 Table 60. The average EIs and their standard deviations of Tone 3……………… 106 Table 61. The average MaxIs and their standard deviations of Tone 3…………... 107 Table 62. The average MinIs and their standard deviations of Tone 3…………… 109 Table 63. The average AveIs and their standard deviations of Tone 3…………… 110 Table 64. The average Irange01s and their standard deviations of Tone 3………. 112 Table 65. The average Irange02s and their standard deviations of Tone 3……….. 113 Table 66. The average Islope01s and their standard deviations of Tone 3……….. 114 Table 67. The average Islope02s and their standard deviations of Tone 3……….. 116 Table 68. The average Duration01s and their standard deviations of Tone 3…….. 117 Table 69. The average Duration02s and their standard deviations of Tone 3…….. 119 Table 70. The summary of pitch parameters from Tone 3………………………... 121 Table 71. The summary of intensity parameters from Tone 3……………………. 122 Table 72. The summary of duration parameters from Tone 3……………………. 123 Table 73. The average BPs and their standard deviations of Tone 4……………... 125 Table 74. The average EPs and their standard deviations of Tone 4……………... 126 Table 75. The mean differences between BP and EP of Tone 4………………….. 128 Table 76. The average MaxPs and their standard deviations of Tone 4………….. 129 Table 77. The average MinPs and their standard deviations of Tone 4…………... 130 Table 78. The average AvePs and their standard deviations of Tone 4…………... 131 Table 79. The average Prange01s and their standard deviations of Tone 4………. 133 Table 80. The average Prange02s and their standard deviations of Tone 4………. 134 Table 81. The average Pslope01s and their standard deviations of Tone 4………. 136 Table 82. The average Pslope02s and their standard deviations of Tone 4………. 137 Table 83. The average BIs and their standard deviations of Tone 4……………… 138 Table 84. The average EIs and their standard deviations of Tone 4……………… 140 Table 85. The average MaxIs and their standard deviations of Tone 4…………... 141 Table 86. The average MinIs and their standard deviations of Tone 4…………… 143 Table 87. The average AveIs and their standard deviations of Tone 4…………… 144 Table 88. The average Irange01s and their standard deviations of Tone 4………. 146 Table 89. The average Irange02s and their standard deviations of Tone 4……….. 147 Table 90. The average Islope01s and their standard deviations of Tone 4……….. 148 Table 91. The average Islope02s and their standard deviations of Tone 4……….. 150 Table 92. The average Duration01s and their standard deviations of Tone 4……. 151 Table 93. The average Duration02s and their standard deviations of Tone 4…….. 152 Table 94. The summary of pitch parameters from Tone 4………………………... 154 Table 95. The summary of intensity parameters from Tone 4……………………. 156 Table 96. The summary of duration parameters from Tone 4……………………. 157 Table 97. The pitch direction of the four Mandarin tones………………………... 159 Table 98. Positive emotions and the direction of Tone1/Tone3…………………... 162 Table 99. Negative emotions and the direction of Tone1/Tone3…………………. 163 Table100. General parameters adopted by Mandarin tones to express emotion…. 167 Figures Figure 1. Ladd’s schema of the expansion of tone………………………………. 14 Figure 2. Some of the problematic ‘dipping tones’ of one of the male speakers... 21 Figure 3. The rankings of the average BPs of Tone 1 for female (left) and male (right) speakers………………………………………………………… 24 Figure 4. The rankings of the average EPs of Tone 1 for female and male speakers………………………………………………………………… 26 Figure 5. BP and EP of Tone 1 for female (left) and male (right) speakers……… 27 Figure 6. The rankings of the average MaxPs of Tone 1 for female (left) and male(right) speakers……………………………………………………. 28 Figure 7. The rankings of the average MinPs of Tone 1 for female (left) and male(right) speakers……………………………………………………. 30 Figure 8. The rankings of the average AvePs of Tone 1 for female (left) and male(right) speakers……………………………………………………. 31 Figure 9. The rankings of the average Prange01s of Tone 1 for female (left) and male(right) speakers……………………………………………………. 33 Figure 10. The rankings of the average Prange02s of Tone 1 for female (left) and male (right) speakers…………………………………………………… 34 Figure 11. The rankings of the average Pslope01s of Tone 1 for female (left) and male (right) speakers…………………………………………………… 35 Figure 12. The rankings of the average Pslope02s of Tone 1 for female (left) and male (right) speakers…………………………………………………… 37 Figure 13. The rankings of the average BIs of Tone 1 for female (left) and male (right) speakers………………………………………………………… 38 Figure 14. The rankings of the average EIs of Tone 1 for female (left) and male (right) speakers………………………………………………………… 40 Figure 15. The rankings of the average MaxIs of Tone 1 for female (left) and male(right) speakers…………………………………………………… 41 Figure 16. The rankings of the average MinIs of Tone 1 for female (left) and male(right) speakers……………………………………………………. 43 Figure 17. The rankings of the average AveIs of Tone 1 for female (left) and male(right) speakers……………………………………………………. 44 Figure 18. The rankings of the average Irange01s of Tone 1 for female (left) and male(right) speakers……………………………………………………. 46 Figure 19. The rankings of the average Irange02s of Tone 1 for female (left) and male (right) speakers…………………………………………………… 47 Figure 20. The rankings of the average Islope01s of Tone 1 for female (left) and male(right) speakers……………………………………………………. 48 Figure 21. The rankings of the average Islope02s of Tone 1 for female (left) and male(right) speakers……………………………………………………. 50 Figure 22. The rankings of the average Duration01s of Tone 1 for female (left) and male (right) speakers………………………………………………. 51 Figure 23. The rankings of the average Duration01s of Tone 1 for female (left) and male (right) speakers………………………………………………. 53 Figure 24. The rankings of the average BPs of Tone 2 for female (left) and male(right) speakers……………………………………………………. 58 Figure 25. The rankings of the average EPs of Tone 2 for female (left) and male(right) speakers……………………………………………………. 60 Figure 26. BP and EP of Tone 2 for female (left) and male (right) speakers……… 61 Figure 27. The rankings of the average MaxPs of Tone 2 for female (left) and male(right) speakers……………………………………………………. 62 Figure 28. The rankings of the average MinPs of Tone 2 for female (left) and male(right) speakers……………………………………………………. 64 Figure 29. The rankings of the average AvePs of Tone 2 for female (left) and male(right) speakers……………………………………………………. 65 Figure 30. The rankings of the average Prange01s of Tone 2 for female (left) and male(right) speakers……………………………………………………. 67 Figure 31. The rankings of the average Prange02s of Tone 2 for female (left) and male(right) speakers……………………………………………………. 68 Figure 32. The rankings of the average Pslope01s of Tone 2 for female (left) and male (right) speakers…………………………………………………… 70 Figure 33. The rankings of the average Pslope02s of Tone 2 for female (left) and male (right) speakers…………………………………………………… 71 Figure 34. The rankings of the average BIs of Tone 2 for female (left) and male (right) speakers………………………………………………………… 72 Figure 35. The rankings of the average EIs of Tone 2 for female (left) and male (right) speakers………………………………………………………… 74 Figure 36. The rankings of the average MaxIs of Tone 2 for female (left) and male(right) speakers……………………………………………………. 75 Figure 37. The rankings of the average MinIs of Tone 2 for female (left) and male(right) speakers……………………………………………………. 76 Figure 38. The rankings of the average AveIs of Tone 2 for female (left) and male(right) speakers……………………………………………………. 78 Figure 39. The rankings of the average Irange01s of Tone 2 for female (left) and male (right) speakers…………………………………………………… 79 Figure 40. The rankings of the average Irange02s of Tone 2 for female (left) and male(right) speakers……………………………………………………. 80 Figure 41. The rankings of the average Islope01s of Tone 2 for female (left) and male(right) speakers…………………………………………………… 82 Figure 42. The rankings of the average Islope02s of Tone 2 for female (left) and male(right) speakers……………………………………………………. 83 Figure 43. The rankings of the average Duration01s of Tone 2 for female (left) and male (right) speakers………………………………………………. 84 Figure 44. The rankings of the average Duration01s of Tone 2 for female (left) and male (right) speakers………………………………………………. 86 Figure 45. The rankings of the average BPs of Tone 3 for female (left) and male(right) speakers……………………………………………………. 91 Figure 46. The rankings of the average EPs of Tone 3 for female (left) and male(right) speakers……………………………………………………. 93 Figure 47. BP and EP of Tone 3 for female (left) and male (right) speakers……… 94 Figure 48. The rankings of the average MaxPs of Tone 3 for female (left) and male(right) speakers……………………………………………………. 95 Figure 49. The rankings of the average MinPs of Tone 3 for female (left) and male(right) speakers……………………………………………………. 97 Figure 50. The rankings of the average AvePs of Tone 3 for female (left) and mal(right) speakers…………………………………………………….. 98 Figure 51. The rankings of the average Prange01s of Tone 3 for female (left) and male(right) speakers……………………………………………………. 100 Figure 52. The rankings of the average Prange02s of Tone 3 for female (left) and male (right) speakers…………………………………………………… 101 Figure 53. The rankings of the average Pslope01s of Tone 3 for female (left) and male (right) speakers…………………………………………………… 102 Figure 54. The rankings of the average Pslope02s of Tone 3 for female (left) and male (right) speakers…………………………………………………… 104 Figure 55. The rankings of the average BIs of Tone 3 for female (left) and male (right) speakers………………………………………………………… 105 Figure 56. The rankings of the average EIs of Tone 3 for female (left) and male (right) speakers………………………………………………………… 106 Figure 57. The rankings of the average MaxIs of Tone 3 for female (left) and male(right) speakers…………………………………………………… 108 Figure 58. The rankings of the average MinIs of Tone 3 for female (left) and male(right) speakers……………………………………………………. 109 Figure 59. The rankings of the average AveIs of Tone 3 for female (left) and male(right) speakers……………………………………………………. 111 Figure 60. The rankings of the average Irange01s of Tone 3 for female (left) and male (right) speakers…………………………………………………… 112 Figure 61. The rankings of the average Irange02s of Tone 3 for female (left) and male (right) speakers…………………………………………………… 113 Figure 62. The rankings of the average Islope01s of Tone 3 for female (left) and male(right) speakers……………………………………………………. 115 Figure 63. The rankings of the average Islope02s of Tone 3 for female (left) and male(right) speakers……………………………………………………. 116 Figure 64. The rankings of the average Duration01s of Tone 3 for female (left) and male (right) speakers………………………………………………. 118 Figure 65. The rankings of the average Duration01s of Tone 3 for female (left) and male (right) speakers………………………………………………. 119 Figure 66. The rankings of the average BPs of Tone 4 for female (left) and male(right) speakers……………………………………………………. 125 Figure 67. The rankings of the average EPs of Tone 4 for female (left) and male(right) speakers……………………………………………………. 127 Figure 68. BP and EP of Tone 4 for female (left) and male (right) speakers……… 128 Figure 69. The rankings of the average MaxPs of Tone 4 for female (left) and male(right) speakers……………………………………………………. 129 Figure 70. The rankings of the average MinPs of Tone 4 for female (left) and male(right) speakers……………………………………………………. 130 Figure 71. The rankings of the average AvePs of Tone 4 for female (left) and male(right) speakers……………………………………………………. 132 Figure 72. The rankings of the average Prange01s of Tone 4 for female (left) and male (right) speakers…………………………………………………… 133 Figure 73. The rankings of the average Prange02s of Tone 4 for female (left) and male (right) speakers…………………………………………………… 135 Figure 74. The rankings of the average Pslope01s of Tone 4 for female (left) and male (right) speakers…………………………………………………… 136 Figure 75. The rankings of the average Pslope02s of Tone 4 for female (left) and male (right) speakers…………………………………………………… 137 Figure 76. The rankings of the average BIs of Tone 4 for female (left) and male (right) speakers………………………………………………………… 139 Figure 77. The rankings of the average EIs of Tone 4 for female (left) and male (right) speakers………………………………………………………… 140 Figure 78. The rankings of the average MaxIs of Tone 4 for female (left) and male (right) speakers…………………………………………………… 142 Figure 79. The rankings of the average MinIs of Tone 4 for female (left) and male (right) speakers………………………………………………………… 143 Figure 80. The rankings of the average AveIs of Tone 4 for female (left) and male (right) speakers………………………………………………………… 145 Figure 81. The rankings of the average Irange01s of Tone 4 for female (left) and male (right) speakers…………………………………………………… 146 Figure 82. The rankings of the average Irange02s of Tone 4 for female (left) and male (right) speakers…………………………………………………… 147 Figure 83. The rankings of the average Islope01s of Tone 4 for female (left) and male (right) speakers…………………………………………………… 149 Figure 84. The rankings of the average Islope02s of Tone 4 for female (left) and male (right) speakers…………………………………………………… 150 Figure 85. The rankings of the average Duration01s of Tone 4 for female (left) and male (right) speakers………………………………………………. 151 Figure 86. The rankings of the average Duration01s of Tone 4 for female (left) and male (right) speakers………………………………………………. 153 Figure 87. An example of Type I tone rising from our data……………………… 164 Figure 88. An example of Type II tone rising from our data…………………….. 1654819615 bytesapplication/pdfen-US國語聲調聲學研究聲調行為表現情緒Mandarin tonesacoustic studiestonal behavioremotionotherhttp://ntur.lib.ntu.edu.tw/bitstream/246246/59385/1/ntu-94-R91142007-1.pdf