單秋成臺灣大學:機械工程學研究所黃志成Huang, Jui-CherngJui-CherngHuang2007-11-282018-06-282007-11-282018-06-282003http://ntur.lib.ntu.edu.tw//handle/246246/61598本研究針對IM6061鋁合金、PM6061鋁合金與添加強化材SiC顆粒之6061複合材料,在T4與T6不同時效條件下,與不同之溫度環境25 0C、200 0C、250 0C與300 0C下,對靜態拉伸及等應力疲勞實驗與單一高峰應力疲勞實驗之破壞行為作一系列之研究,研究方法包括實驗分析、SEM之破壞機制觀察與TEM之微觀結構之分析。 在拉伸實驗部分,T4時效材料比起T6時效材料有較小之降伏強度和抗拉強度與較大之伸長率,在室溫時T6-PM鋁合金優異於T6-IM鋁合金之趨勢與T6-20%複合材料優異於T6-PM鋁合金之趨勢,在200 0C測試溫度時已大幅的降低,尤其當溫度提高到300 0C 的測試溫度之時,兩鋁合金與複合材料之間幾乎不存在差異。 在等力量疲勞裂縫生長實驗方面,不論是T4或T6時效處理,LT型態之試片比起TL型態有較佳之抗疲勞生長能力。而且兩型態試片之差異隨著溫度之增加而減少,在300 0C時,兩型態試片之間已經沒有差異了。在所有之試驗溫度中,PM鋁合金比起IM鋁合金表現較差之抗疲勞生長能力,它們的抗疲勞生長能力隨著溫度之增加而降低。從複合材料之疲勞破斷面的特徵發現在低The tensile, fatigue crack growth properties and overload retardation phenomenon of 6061 Al alloy fabricated by ingot metallurgy (IM), powder metallurgy (PM) routes and SiC particulate reinforced 6061 composites have been evaluated in both T4 and T6 tempers at temperatures ranging from 25 to 300 0C. In order to characterize the fracture behavior of the materials, the microstructure was observed by transmission electron microscope (TEM) and fracture surfaces of the specimens were examined with a scanning electron microscope (SEM). At 25 0C, the PM alloy and composites possess a higher strength, higher strain hardening rate and a lower elongation than the IM alloy and PM alloy, respectively. Raising the testing temperature from 25 to 200 0C greatly reduced the advantage in strength of the PM alloy and composites over that of the IM alloy and PM alloy, respectively. At 300 0C, both alloys and composites possess similar strength. The fatigue crack growth resistance in the TL orientation is inferior to that in the LT orientation for both alloys and composites in T4 and T6 tempers. The difference in crack growth resistance between the two orientations decreases with increasing temperature and is basically non-existent at 300 0C. Furthermore, the fatigue crack growth resistance in the T6 temper is superior to that in the T4 temper. In both alloys, fatigue crack growth resistance decreases with increasing temperature. At all temperatures, the PM alloy always has an inferior crack growth resistance as compared to the IM alloy. At low目錄 誌謝 v 摘要 vi Abstract vii 目錄 viii 圖例 xii 表格 xxi 第一章 緒 論 1 1.1 前言 1 1.2 研究動機與目的 2 1.3 研究方法 3 1.4 本文架構 4 第二章 破壞力學與鋁基複合材料簡介 5 2.1 前言 5 2.2 破壞力學概念 5 2.2.1 應力強度因子(Stress Intensity Factor) 6 2.2.2 裂縫尖端塑性(Crack Tip Plasticity) 7 2.3 疲勞裂縫生長 8 2.3.1 Paris’s Law 8 2.3.2 循環負載下裂縫尖端之彈塑性行為 9 2.4 裂縫封閉現象 10 2.4.1 裂縫封閉機制 10 2.4.2 Elber修正式 12 2.5 高峰應力減速現象 13 2.6 鋁基複合材料製程簡介 14 2.7 鋁合金粉末的製備 15 2.8 鋁合金粉末之除氣 16 2.9 鋁合金之燒結 17 2.9.1 陶瓷強化相與金屬母材的潤溼現象 17 2.9.2 強化相與金屬母材的介面性質 18 2.10 熱擠型製程 19 2.10.1. 動態回復 20 2.10.2 動態再結晶 20 2.10.3 靜態回復與靜態再結晶 21 2.11 時效熱處理 22 第三章 實驗方法與材料試片之製備 40 3.1 前言 40 3.2 實驗材料之製備 40 3.2.1 混粉(mixing) 40 3.2.2 冷均壓成型(cold isostatic pressing) 40 3.2.3 真空燒結(vacuum sintering) 40 3.2.4 熱擠型(hot extrusion) 41 3.2.5 密度測量 41 3.2.6 金相顯微組織觀察 42 3.2.7 試片製作與規格 43 3.2.8 時效熱處理 44 3.3 拉伸實驗 44 3.3.1 室溫拉伸實驗 44 3.3.2 高溫拉伸實驗 45 3.4 拉伸疲勞裂縫生長實驗 45 3.4.1 室溫等力量振幅(DP=const) 46 3.4.2 室溫等應力強度因子幅(DK=const) 46 3.4.3 高溫等力量振幅(DP=const) 47 3.4.4 高溫等應力強度因子幅(DK=const) 47 3.4.5 疲勞裂縫封閉效應之量測 47 3.4.6 數據分析 49 3.5 破斷面觀察與微觀結構 49 第四章 拉伸實驗 61 4.1 前言 61 4.2 室溫拉伸實驗 61 4.2.1 PM 和 IM 鋁合金 61 4.2.2 PM鋁合金和複合材料 62 4.3 高溫拉伸實驗 65 4.3.1 PM 和 IM 鋁合金 65 4.3.2 PM鋁合金和複合材料 67 4.4 本章結論 69 第五章 等力量振幅疲勞裂縫生長實驗 88 5.1 前言 88 5.2 IM和PM鋁合金 89 5.2.1 室溫等力量振幅疲勞裂縫生長實驗 89 5.2.1.1 試片裂縫方向之影響 89 5.2.1.2 時效之影響 90 5.2.2 高溫等力量振幅疲勞裂縫生長實驗 93 5.2.2.1 試片裂縫方向之影響 93 5.2.2.2 溫度環境之影響 93 5.3 PM鋁合金與複合材料 95 5.3.1 室溫等力量振幅疲勞裂縫生長實驗 95 5.3.1.1 試片裂縫方向之影響 95 5.3.1.2 時效之影響 96 5.3.2 高溫等力量振幅疲勞裂縫生長實驗 98 5.3.2.1 體積比之影響 98 5.3.2.2 溫度之影響 99 5.4 本章結論 102 第六章 等應力強度因子幅(DK=const)高峰應力疲勞實驗 136 6.1 前言 136 6.2 IM和PM鋁合金 137 6.2.1 室溫等應力強度因子幅高峰應力疲勞裂縫生長實驗 137 6.2.1.1 試片裂縫方向之影響 137 6.2.1.2 時效之影響 138 6.2.1.3 高峰應力比之影響 140 6.2.1.4 裂縫路徑與破斷面 141 6.2.2 高溫等應力強度因子幅高峰應力疲勞裂縫生長實驗 148 6.2.2.1 溫度環境之影響 148 6.2.2.2 高峰應力比之影響 149 6.2.2.3 持溫時間之影響 149 6.3 PM鋁合金與複合材料 150 6.3.1 室溫等應力強度因子幅高峰應力疲勞裂縫生長實驗 150 6.3.1.1 體積比之影響 150 6.3.1.2 高峰應力比之影響 151 6.3.1.3 時效之影響 151 6.3.1.4 裂縫路徑與破斷面 152 6.4 本章結論 159 第七章 結論與未來發展 210 參考文獻 214 附錄 作者簡歷 225 圖例 Fig. 2.1 Irwin’s notational crack and plastic zone size. 25 Fig. 2.2 Relation of the stress intensity factor DK and crack growth rate da/dN. 25 Fig. 2.3 Stress distribution of crack tip in cyclic loading. 26 Fig. 2.4 Mechanisms of crack closure. ( a. residue plastic wake, b. oxide , c. crack tip shielding, d. micro-roughness, e. fluid pressure, f. phase transformation. ) 26 Fig. 2.5 Phenomena of the crack closure in cyclic loading. 27 Fig. 2.6 Overload induced deceleration, (a) relation of time and load, (b) relation of da/dN and number of cycles N. 28 Fig. 2.7 Schematic diagram of the powder metallurgy processing of Al alloy and SiC reinforced composites. 29 Fig. 2.8 SEM photographs of the reinforcement SiC particulates. 30 Fig. 2.9 Sintering diagram of the 6061 Al alloy and MMC. 30 Fig. 2.10 Morphology and cross-section of the 6061 Al powders and the distribution of the particles size. 30 Fig. 2.11 Schematic of Al alloy powder surface oxides. 31 Fig. 2.12 Generalized illustration of Al alloy powder degassing events. 32 Fig. 2.13 The solid-liquid-vapor equilibrium of the relation between the contact angle and the three interfacial energies. 32 Fig. 2.14 The effect on the two extremes of contact angle. 33 Fig. 2.15 Deacrawax diagram. 33 Fig. 2.16 TGA analysis of the Al powder. 34 Fig. 2.17 DTA of the 6061 Al powder. 34 Fig. 2.18 Calibration of oxygen and nitrogen content in sintered 6061 Al alloy and MMC. 35 Fig. 2.19 OM of the CIP and sintering 6061 Al billet. (a) CIP=3000kg/cm2, (b) sintered, temp.=6300C, time=4hr, d=0.95dT, ( c ) sintered, temp.=6400C, time=6hr, d=0.97dT. 35 Fig. 2.20 Phenomenon of dynamic and static structure in hot working process. 36 Fig. 2.21 Comparison of the heat flow of precipitation reactions in Al alloy and its composite with different extrusion ratio. 37 Fig. 3.1 Detail equipment of vacuum sintering furnace. 51 Fig. 3.2 Configuration of the hot extrusion die. 52 Fig. 3.3 Optical microstructure of the (a) un-etched and (b) etched PM 6061 Al alloy under T6 aging condition. 52 Fig. 3.4 Optical microstructure of the (a) un-etched and (b) etched 10%-SiC-MMC under T6 aging condition. 53 Fig. 3.5 Optical microstructure of the etched 20%-SiC-MMC under T6 aging condition. 54 Fig. 3.6 Optical microstructure of the (a) un-etched and (b) etched IM 6061 Al alloy under T6 aging condition. 55 Fig. 3.7 Optical microstructure of the (a) T6-IM and (b) T6-10%-SiC-MMC. 56 Fig. 3.8 Small scale of tensile specimens. (a) room temperature, (b) elevated temperature. 57 Fig. 3.9 Small scale of CT specimen 57 Fig. 3.10 Relation between hardness and aging time for MMC, PM and IM 6061 Al alloy. 58 Fig. 3.11 Orientation types of CT specimens. 58 Fig. 3.12 Principle of the offset procedure to facilitate the measurement of crack closure. 59 Fig. 3.13 P-d19281938 bytesapplication/pdfen-US溫度疲勞裂縫生長時效高峰應力顆粒破裂介面脫開ParticulateOverloadFatigue crack growthInterfacialTemperatureTemper時效與溫度對鍛造、粉末冶金和顆粒強化6061鋁合金複合材料之疲勞裂縫擴展之性質探討Effect of Temper and Test Temperature on Fatigue Crack Growth Properties of IM, PM and Particulate Reinforced 6061 Al Metal Matrix Compositesthesishttp://ntur.lib.ntu.edu.tw/bitstream/246246/61598/1/ntu-92-D85522013-1.pdf