Cheng C.-Y.Tsai M.-S.Yang C.-J.Cheng S.-H.HSIN-YUN SUNChang S.-F.Su L.-H.Su Y.-C.CHIEN-CHING HUNGSUI-YUAN CHANG2020-06-182020-06-1820181178-6973https://scholars.lib.ntu.edu.tw/handle/123456789/503482Background: Increasing trends of resistance-associated mutations (RAMs) to non-nucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitors (nNRTIs) have raised concerns about the effectiveness of the regimens in the national HIV treatment programs in resource-limited countries. We aimed to retrospectively investigate the incidence and patterns of emergent RAMs of HIV-1 in HIV-positive adults experiencing virological failure to first-line nNRTI-containing combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) in Taiwan. Patients and methods: Between June 2012 and March 2016, 1138 antiretroviral-na?ve HIV-positive adults without baseline RAMs who initiated nNRTI-containing regimens were included for analysis. Virological failure was defined as plasma viral load (PVL) ?200 copies/mL after 6 months of cART or confirmed PVL ?200 copies/mL after achieving PVL <50 copies/mL. Population sequencing was retrospectively performed to detect baseline and emergent RAMs. RAMs were interpreted using the International AIDS Society-USA 2016 mutations list. Results: Seventy-one patients (6.2%) developed virological failure, which occurred in 14.8% (43/291), 3.9% (26/675), and 1.2% (2/172) of patients receiving 2 nucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) plus nevirapine, efavirenz, and rilpivirine, respectively. Among those, 53 (74.6%) had emergent RAMs identified, which included 43 (81.1%), 53 (100.0%), and 1 (1.9%) with RAMs to NRTIs, nNRTIs, and protease inhibitors, respectively; and 43 (81.1%) had multi-drug resistance. The most common emergent RAMs to NRTIs were M184V/I (42.3%) and K65R (28.2%), and those to nNRTIs were Y181C (42.3%), K103N (15.5%), G190A/E/Q (12.7%), V179D/E (12.7%), and V108I (9.9%). Conclusion: While the rates of virological failure varied with the nNRTI used, the rate of emergent RAMs of HIV-1 to NRTIs and nNRTIs among the antiretroviral-na?ve patients who failed nNRTI-containing cART remained low. ? 2018 Cheng et al.[SDGs]SDG3abacavir plus dolutegravir plus lamivudine; abacavir plus lamivudine; efavirenz; efavirenz plus emtricitabine plus tenofovir disoproxil; emtricitabine; emtricitabine plus tenofovir disoproxil; lamivudine; lamivudine plus tenofovir disoproxil; lamivudine plus zidovudine; nevirapine; nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor; proteinase inhibitor; raltegravir; rilpivirine; ritonavir; RNA directed DNA polymerase inhibitor; adult; Article; cohort analysis; female; genotype; human; Human immunodeficiency virus 1; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; incidence; major clinical study; male; multicenter study; nonhuman; resistance associated mutation; retrospective study; Taiwan; virology; virus load; virus mutationjournal article10.2147/IDR.S1583412-s2.0-85049651517