SONG-CHOU HSIEH2021-01-152021-01-1520121016-7390https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84870442198&partnerID=40&md5=2c40dfd6b25e0a2f3465cf7c316339aehttps://scholars.lib.ntu.edu.tw/handle/123456789/540829Antiphospholipid syndrome was first described by Dr. Hughes in 1983 by clinical observation and communication for a long time. Because of limitations by markedly various clinical manifestations and unavailable reliable laboratory tests, antiphospholipid syndrome is underdiagnosis until now. The major events of ischemia and tissue damage comes from the mechanisms of thromboembolism. Therefore, some patients are benefit from the introduction of anticoagulant therapy, but this kind therapy is still not enough for other patients, especially in the refractory or serious cases. The basic pathogenesis of antiphospholipid syndrome is autoimmunity, immunotherapy with disease-modified antirheumatic drugs are introduced for patients not well response to anticoagulant therapy. These therapies also include plasma exchange, immunoglobulin therapy and cytotoxic agent therapy etc., now for severe or refractory cases, such as catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome. The clinical manifestations involve nearly every organ system, such as stroke in neurology, cardiac events, pulmonary hypertension in cardiology, livedo reticularis in dermatology and recurrent fetal loss in obstetric field etc. Although there are much progress in the diagnosis and treatment of antiphospholipid syndrome in recent years, including more sensitive and standardized laboratory tests helpful for the confirmation of diagnosis, some patients are still not benefit from the understanding of antiphospholipid syndrome. Therefore, these various clinical manifestations are the most important clues to further classify the possibility of antiphospholipid syndrome. But highly suspicious of antiphospholipid syndrome is most crucial to the diagnosis of this underestimated disease.Antiphospholipid syndrome; Antiphsopholipid antibodies, aPL; Arterial and venous thromboembolism; Immunotherapy; Recurrent pregnacy loss[SDGs]SDG3cytotoxic agent; anticoagulant therapy; antiphospholipid syndrome; article; autoimmunity; cerebrovascular accident; human; immunotherapy; ischemia; laboratory test; livedo reticularis; pathogenesis; plasmapheresis; pulmonary hypertension; thromboembolism; tissue injuryjournal article2-s2.0-84870442198