Wu Y.-MChou H.-CKe C.-YWang C.-CLi C.-TChang L.-HSu BChu T.-SWang Y.-J.BORCHING SU2022-04-252022-04-25202114248220https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85118476296&doi=10.3390%2fs21217382&partnerID=40&md5=696ffa5972a9ff40f8d907d3a4ac991ahttps://scholars.lib.ntu.edu.tw/handle/123456789/606953Phased array technology features rapid and directional scanning and has become a promis-ing approach for remote sensing and wireless communication. In addition, element-level digitization has increased the feasibility of complicated signal processing and simultaneous multi-beamforming processes. However, the high cost and bulky characteristics of beam-steering systems have prevented their extensive application. In this paper, an X-band element-level digital phased array radar utiliz-ing fully integrated complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) transceivers is proposed for achieving a low-cost and compact-size digital beamforming system. An 8–10 GHz transceiver system-on-chip (SoC) fabricated in 65 nm CMOS technology offers baseband filtering, frequency translation, and global clock synchronization through the proposed periodic pulse injection tech-nique. A 16-element subarray module with an SoC integration, antenna-in-package, and tile array configuration achieves digital beamforming, back-end computing, and dc–dc conversion with a size of 317 × 149 × 74.6 mm3 . A radar demonstrator with scalable subarray modules simultaneously realizes range sensing and azimuth recognition for pulsed radar configurations. Captured by the suggested software-defined pulsed radar, a complete range–azimuth figure with a 1 km maximum observation range can be displayed within 150 ms under the current implementation. ? 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.Antenna-in-package (AiP)Complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS)Digital array radarDigital beamforming (DBF)Phased arrayPulsed radarRadar signal detectionSystem-on-chip (SoC)TransceiverX-bandAntenna phased arraysBeam forming networksBeamformingCMOS integrated circuitsDielectric devicesMetalsMicrowave antennasMOS devicesOxide semiconductorsPulsed lasersRadar antennasRadio transceiversRemote sensingSignal detectionTracking radarAntenna in packagesAntenna-in-packageArray radarsComplementary metal-oxide-semiconductorDigital arraysDigital beamformingPhased-arraysPulsed radarsRadar signal detectionsSystem-on-chipX bandsjournal article10.3390/s21217382347706932-s2.0-85118476296