Liu Y.-W.CHI-TING SUYen C.Y.T.Lin L.-J.Hsieh P.C.H.2021-08-242021-08-2420161092-8464https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84983792615&doi=10.1007%2fs11936-016-0481-7&partnerID=40&md5=3f3b7116fef347a6de0983cfade1b17chttps://scholars.lib.ntu.edu.tw/handle/123456789/579389Despite significant advances in the treatment of ischemic heart disease (IHD), it remains the leading cause of mortality worldwide. Undoubtedly, methods for regenerating the injured human heart are urgently needed, and whilst exciting progress has been made from utilizing stem cell therapy for cardiac regeneration, several major challenges still remain. In particular, one major safety issue is the occurrence of potentially life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias after cell therapy. Several drivers may be responsible for this, ranging from the potential inherent arrhythmogenicity of delivered stem cells to that of the underlying IHD. Therefore, it is imperative to thoroughly assess the risk-to-benefit ratio of such treatments prior to the clinical application. As such, despite the considerable progress made in stem cell therapy over the past decades, many obstacles still lie ahead. ? 2016, Springer Science+Business Media New York.Cell transplantation; Heart regeneration; Stem cell; Ventricular arrhythmia[SDGs]SDG3beta adrenergic receptor blocking agent; arrhythmogenesis; cardiac stem cell; cardiovascular mortality; clinical trial (topic); heart ventricle arrhythmia; human; implantable cardioverter defibrillator; ischemic heart disease; nonhuman; patient safety; Review; stem cell transplantation; tissue regenerationreview10.1007/s11936-016-0481-72-s2.0-84983792615