TZU-MING PAN2018-09-102018-09-102012http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84865141642&partnerID=MN8TOARShttp://scholars.lib.ntu.edu.tw/handle/123456789/369433Monascus species have traditionally been used in Asian food, with rice as their fermentation substrate. Red mold rice (RMR) contains citrinin, a nephrotoxic agent capable of exerting oxidative stress and cellular apoptosis. We investigated the components in RMR that could minimize the adverse effects of citrinin. Combining chemical separations and bioactivity assays, we identified an antioxidative component called deferricoprogen (DFC) in the fermented rice of Monascus purpureus NTU 568. The DFC structure was confirmed by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and mass spectra analysis. The 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free-radical-scavenging activity of DFC was similar to that of vitamin E. The 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and flow cytometric analysis showed the effect of DFC and citrinin on cell viability and cell cycle. DFC was found to be protective against the cytotoxicity and cell death induced by citrinin on human embryonic kidney (HEK-293) cells. DFC also demonstrated anti-apoptotic property in preventing citrinin-induced apoptosis. ? 2012 American Chemical Society.Citrinin; deferricoprogen; HEK-293 cells; Monascus purpureus; nephrotoxicity[SDGs]SDG3Citrinin; deferricoprogen; HEK293 cells; Monascus purpureus; Nephrotoxicity; Assays; Bromine compounds; Mass spectrometry; Cell death; antioxidant; caspase; citrinin; deferricoprogen; hydroxamic acid; piperazinedione; apoptosis; article; cell strain HEK293; chemically induced disorder; chemistry; drug effect; fermentation; human; isolation and purification; kidney disease; metabolism; microbiology; Monascus; rice; Antioxidants; Apoptosis; Caspases; Citrinin; Diketopiperazines; Fermentation; HEK293 Cells; Humans; Hydroxamic Acids; Kidney Diseases; Monascus; Oryza sativajournal article10.1021/jf301889q