蘇 喜教授臺灣大學:醫療機構管理研究所呂志成Lu, Chih-ChengChih-ChengLu2007-11-282018-06-292007-11-282018-06-292007http://ntur.lib.ntu.edu.tw//handle/246246/60043「教學、研究、服務」是大學醫學中心的三大主要任務,其中又以提供醫學生的教學訓練活動為首要。大學醫學中心是醫師養成教育中臨床學習最主要的教學場所,各醫療部門每日進行著非常頻繁的教學訓練活動,醫學生從實際接觸病患中得到學習的機會,醫學生必需能在醫院逐漸累積經驗,學習足夠的醫學知識、臨床技能、態度與價值觀,以成為符合社會期待的稱職醫師。 在國外已經陸續採用標準化病人及客觀的評量方式來評估醫學生的臨床技能表現,目前在美國、加拿大與日本的國家醫師執照考試,都紛紛增加實際的臨床能力評量,作為取得醫師專業執照的考試制度。歐美日各大學醫學中心幾乎所有醫學生的學習成效評量,已經由單純之醫學知識的測驗轉移到臨床醫療技術表現的測驗。然而在國內國家醫師執照考試,仍偏重醫學專業知識,較忽略臨床實作技能及重要的醫學專業倫理和醫病關係技巧,且評量方式亦僅採用紙筆測驗,試題型式只有選擇題一種,較難取得多元資料據以判斷應考人之適任性1。因此,國內亟需設置臨床技能中心以執行醫學生之臨床技能訓練與測驗。 本文之主要目的在於探討醫學教育改革中,在推動基礎與臨床醫學整合課程的臨床技能學習時,如何設置一座符合國內醫學教育需求及國際標準的『臨床技能中心』,以有效進行臨床醫學教育訓練。有鑑於此,本文擇定積極推動臨床技能訓練的某教學醫院作為個案質性探討之對象,經由初、次級資料蒐集和相關文獻後,實地深入瞭解個案於民國93年配合醫學生臨床技能學習需要,由規劃、設計到與導入「臨床技能中心」之過程,及其使用後的經驗,來探討國內臨床技能中心在醫師養成教育中所扮演的角色與定位,進一步深入瞭解國內各機構設置臨床技能中心的概況,並提出結論和建議。 結 論 壹、注重臨床技能的評量,並擴及全面性醫療人員的技能提升 1. 認真落實檢測機制 2. 擴及其他醫事人員的技能檢測,全面性提升醫療品質 貳、設置專責單位,規劃完善的臨床技能訓練與評量的環境 1. 臨床技能中心規劃的主要內容 2. 設置專責的臨床技能中心,提供練習檢測場所 参、個案規劃的功能齊全、使用率高,值得借鏡 1. 基本設施及附屬設施功能齊全 2. 首創數位化教學影音安全監控系統,方便實用 3. 首創配置專任教學型主治醫師,協助教學課程規劃及發展 4. 導入初期使用率高 建 議 壹、專款補助臨床技能檢測經費 貳、分區成立臨床技能測驗中心,並發展國家級臨床技能訓練機構或場所 参、兩階段登記申請醫師執業執照 肆、發展亞洲模擬訓練中心之契機A university-affiliated medical center is committed with 3 major missions, teaching, research, and service, of which the most important one is to provide medical students with training activities. As a medical center is the major place for the clinical training of medical doctors, there are very busy daily teaching activities in the various departments of a medical center. Through direct contacts with the patients, medical students learn and accumulate clinical experiences, clinical knowledge, clinical skills, and professional attitudes and ethics to become a competent doctor that meets the expectation of the society. The use of standardized patients as an objective way for the evaluation of the clinical skills of medical students is gradually coming into fashion, as the national board examinations in the US, Canada, and Japan, have all included tests for clinical skills. Accordingly, in most medical centers in the US, Europe, and Japan, the evaluation of medical students has shifted its emphasis from medical knowledge to clinical skills. However, our national board examination is still tilted towards medical knowledge at the sacrifice of clinical skills, professional ethics, and the skills of patient-doctor relationships. Additionally, our examination is restricted to a multiple-choice format, making it very difficult to obtain multidimensional data for a complete evaluation of the examinee. Therefore, it is urgent for us to set up a clinical skill center for the training and evaluation of the clinical skills of our medical students. This paper focuses on the establishment of a clinical skill center that meets international standards and answers the demands of our medical education system for effective clinical trainings, during a time when the medical system is reforming itself to integrate basic and clinical curriculum. The clinical skill center at teaching hospital, which has an active program for clinical skill training, was chosen for our study. An in-depth study, through primary and secondary data collection and literature analysis, was carried out on the clinical skill center, which was established in 2004 in response to the demands of the training of medical students. We covered the whole process from its conception, through various developments, into the actual existence. With actual experiences gained from this center, we try to clarify the role of a clinical skill center in the training of our medical doctors. Finally, after intensive surveys on the current status of the clinical skill centers in our country, we have the following conclusions and proposals: Conclusions First, focus on the evaluation of clinical skills, not only of medical doctors but also of all medical professionals, in order to 1) enforce the mechanism of evaluation and, 2) improve the quality of medical cares. Second, charge a task force specifically for the set up of the clinical skill center that 1) have extensive covers of all relevant clinical skills, and 2) function as both a training center and and a test center Third, model after the clinical skill center at the National Taiwan University Hospital, because it 1) is well-equipped with essential and accessory facilities 2) has a digitalized audio-visual system for safety monitor 3) employs full-time faculties for the teaching and curriculum development 4) has been highly demanded since the initial phase of its establishment Proposals 1. There should be funds specific for the implementation of clinical skill tests 2. There should be a national center for clinical skill training, with regional sub-centers for clinical skill tests 3. The medical licensing process should be in 2 parts, knowledge and skill. 4. There is a good opportunity for the establishment of an Asian simulation training center封面.................................................. i 口試委員會審定書........................................ii 誌謝.................................................iii 中文摘要.............................................iv 英文摘要............................................ vi 目錄..................................................viii 圖目錄............................................... x 表目錄................................................xii 第一章 緒論 第一節 背景與動機..................................... 6 第二節 目的..............................................8 第三節 流程、方法與架構...................................................................................9 第四節 對象選擇.................................................................................................10 第五節 限制.........................................................................................................10 第二章 文獻探討 第一節 醫學教育與醫師養成教育.....................................................................12 第二節 臨床能力.................................................................................................19 第三節 醫學教育評量........................................................................................ 24 第四節 標準化病人與OSCE..............................................................................27 第五節 臨床技能中心的規劃與設計考量.........................................................34 第六節 臨床技能中心經營與管理.....................................................................40 第三章 個案背景 第一節 醫院之發展概況、願景與策略............................................................41 第二節 某醫院醫學教育之任務........................................................................42 第三節 設置背景、設置目的、服務對象........................................................43 第四節 規劃內容(空間配置、硬體設備)....................................................45 第五節 規劃限制與未來展望............................................................................46 第四章 臨床技能中心的現況、需求內容之探討 第一節 國外臨床技能中心的現況....................................................................48 第二節 國內臨床技能中心的現況....................................................................52 第三節 國內、外臨床技能中心的比較............................................................57 第四節 臨床技能中心規劃的必備內容(硬、軟體設備)............................58 第五節 臨床技能中心規劃建置的建議.............................................................61 第五章 個案分析-教學醫院臨床技能中心個案規劃與導入 第一節 規劃、設計............................................................................................. 62 第二節 規劃特色................................................................................................. 64 第三節 模擬診間、觀察室與標準病人更衣室................................................. 66 第四節 高擬真實境模擬教室............................................................................. 69 第五節 多功能操作教室..................................................................................... 73 第六節 國內首創網路數位化教學安全監控系統............................................. 75 第七節 電腦教室................................................................................................. 78 第八節 討論室..................................................................................................... 82 第九節 資料儲存室與櫥櫃................................................................................. 83 第十節 國內首創教學型主治醫師..................................................................... 84 第十一節 個案經營管理概況..............................................................................87 第六章 結論與建議 第一節 結論.........................................................................................................93 第二節 建議.........................................................................................................95 第三節 限制與後續研究建議.............................................................................97 參考文獻............................................................................................................100 附 錄.................................................................................................................102 圖 目 錄 圖 1-1 流程........................................................................................................9 圖 2-1文獻探討方向架構圖............................................................................12 圖 2-2 Miller金字塔能力之模型..................................................................14 圖 2-3 各種臨床能力的概況...........................................................................20 圖 2-4 臨床能力示意圖...................................................................................21 圖 2-5 醫師生涯中的各種評量.......................................................................24 圖 2-6 OSCE 進行的結構.............................................................................33 圖 4-1 阿肯色州立大學臨床技能中心平面圖...............................................48 圖 4-2 受測者(學生)的走道.......................................................................49 圖 4-3 標準病人 SP 的走道...........................................................................49 圖 4-4 診斷設備齊全的模擬診間...................................................................49 圖 4-5 診間門上的單向玻璃...........................................................................49 圖 4-6 會議、討論、觀察室...........................................................................50 圖 4-7中控室可以看到14間的動態..............................................................50 圖 4-8 三個機櫃包含影音處理.......................................................................50 圖 4-9 網路 Linux 系統14台小型電腦........................................................50 圖 4-10 優雅接待門廳及等候區...................................................................50 圖 4-11 給學員放置背包的櫥櫃...................................................................50 圖 4-12 廚房茶水區.......................................................................................51 圖 4-13 在中心的前門外邊的休息區域.......................................................51 圖 4-14 診間內設備配置...............................................................................52 圖 4-15 每間有二支攝影機及收音麥克風...................................................52 圖 4-16 採用傳統錄影帶的觀察及錄影室設備...........................................52 圖 4-17 鄰近優雅的戶外庭園.........................................................................53 圖 4-18 操作教室.............................................................................................53 圖 4-19 某榮民教學醫院CSC平面圖...........................................................53 圖 4-20 SimMan 及訓練概況.........................................................................54 圖 4-21 設有DxR 臨床醫師模擬軟體...........................................................54 圖 4-22 設有10人、15人、20人、100人教室及2F閱覽區...........54 圖 4-23 中央控制室兼觀察室.........................................................................55 圖 4-24 前面為PBL討論室後為門診檢查室................................................55 圖 4-25 某軍方教學醫院CSC平面圖............................................................56 圖 4-26 某軍方教學醫院CSC各區重要圖....................................................56 圖 4-27 建議國內各臨床技能中心規劃建置序列.........................................61 圖 5- 1 某教學醫院臨床技能中心整修前平面圖..........................................62 圖 5- 2 某教學醫院臨床技能中心整修後平面圖..........................................63 圖 5- 3 設備齊全之門診檢查室模擬診間圖..................................................67 圖 5- 4 門診檢查室外之走道..........................................................................68 圖 5- 5 觀察室及通道......................................................................................68 圖 5- 6 觀察區單面鏡、電源電話接孔、網點、燈光控制、耳機接孔......69 圖 5- 7 休憩區、接待區、茶水區..................................................................69 圖 5- 8 高擬真實境模擬教室2間..................................................................70 圖 5- 9 多功能用途之操作教室......................................................................73 圖 5-10 操作室的牆壁上設有四組的床頭抽吸及氧氣供應面板.................74 圖 5-11 CPR箱子滑輪直接推進櫥櫃內存放.................................................74 圖 5-12 網路數位化教學監控系統.................................................................77 圖 5-13 中心設置有電腦區.............................................................................78 圖 5-14 討論室設計容納20人的中型會議室...............................................82 圖 5-15 多位指導者同時觀看不同的房間進行的情況.................................83 圖 5-16 資料儲存室.........................................................................................83 圖 5-17 設計櫥櫃以收納各項操作模具.........................................................83 圖5-18 模具箱有輪子推進櫥櫃中..................................................................84 圖5-19 設置有鑰匙的學員儲物櫃..................................................................84 圖5-20 模擬手術室整面的櫥櫃......................................................................84 圖5-21 中央控制室增加櫥櫃以儲存物品......................................................84 表 目 錄 表2-1 各學者對「臨床能力」的定義..............................................................19 表2-2 臨床醫學教育中常用的評量方式..........................................................25 表2-3 使用標準病人進行醫學教學及評量的優點..........................................28 表2-4 使用標準病人的臨床教學與評量方式的顧慮......................................28 表2-5 英美兩國六所大學醫學院臨床技能測驗之比較..................................34 表2-6 美國三所大學臨床技能中心之比較......................................................34 表4-1 國內外大學醫學院臨床技能測驗之比較..............................................57 表4-2 國內已設模擬診間有SP與學生雙走道之比較....................................58 表5-1 某教學醫院臨床技能中心配置空間之數量..........................................65 表5-2 國內醫學院校有DxR 軟體之情形........................................................79 表5-3 高級心臟救命術訓練統計......................................................................88 表5-4 各科實施OSCE數量統計......................................................................89 表5-5 CSC使用人員職別、使用次數統計表................................................90 表5-6 CSC使用內容類別人數統計表............................................................912337185 bytesapplication/pdfen-US教學醫院臨床能力臨床技能中心teaching hospitalclinical competenceclinical skill centre某教學醫院臨床技能中心之設置Setting up Clinical Skill Center at a Teaching Hospitalthesishttp://ntur.lib.ntu.edu.tw/bitstream/246246/60043/1/ntu-96-P93843016-1.pdf