江簡富Kiang, Jean-Fu電機工程學研究所劉奇恩Liu, Chi-EnChi-EnLiu2010-07-142018-07-062010-07-142018-07-062007U0001-0701200817282000http://ntur.lib.ntu.edu.tw//handle/246246/189008本論文提出一個操作在2.45 GHz的射頻辨識系統(RFID)發射器模組之設計，且以FR4電路板驗證。編碼器輸出的基頻信號切換以Gilbert-cell架構為基礎的混波器，改變本地震盪器(LO)的訊號路徑以產生振幅鍵移調變(ASK)的射頻信號。此架構簡化數位類比轉換器的設計。此發射器在5 V電源供應下約消耗483 mW的功率，其中混波器消耗約289 mW。功率放大器在2.45 GHz操作下可提供13.5 dB的功率增益，且輸出端的電壓駐波比約為1.35。 本論文另提出無碰撞的被動式電子標籤基頻電路設計，且以FPGA實現。此架構僅需要nTb辨識一n-bit的電子標籤，同時需要(16m+n+13)Tb 將m個字元(word)的資料回傳至掃讀器。其時脈產生器以數位電路實現，取代傳統式的震盪器，藉以提升頻率的精確度。A 2.45 GHz RFID transmitter module has been designed and verified using FR4 printedircuit board. The mixer is designed using Gilbert-cell-based differential pair to switch theO signal path from the baseband signal of encoder to generate the ASK RF signal at theutput of mixer. It simplifies the circuit design of D/A converter. The data rate can be up to50 kbps at typical range of 10 m under the raw-data bit error rate of 10−3. The transmitteronsumes 483 mW of power at 5 V supply voltage, of which only 289 mW is consumed byhe mixer. The amplifier has the power gain of 13.5 dB at 2.45 GHz, and the VSWR at theutput port is 1.35. collision-free baseband circuit of passive RFID tag is designed and implemented inPGA. It takes only about nTb to identify a single tag of n bits, and of about (16m+n+13)Tbo respond to the reader m words of data. The digital clock generator is used instead ofonventional oscillators to improve frequncy accuracy.Abstract iable of Contents iiiist of Figures vist of Tables vicknowledgment viii Introduction 1 Transmitter Module with Direct Conversion for 2.45 GHz RFID Reader 6.1 Transmitter Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.2 Circuit Implementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.2.1 Encoder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.2.2 LC Gate Resonator Oscillator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.2.3 Gilbert-cell Based Mixer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10i.2.4 Power Amplifier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.3 Results and Discussions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Collision-Free Baseband Circuit of Passive RFID Tag Implemented inPGA 19.1 Tag Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19.2 Algorithm Implementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20.2.1 ID Confirmation Logic Circuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20.2.2 ID memory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22.2.3 Clock generator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22.2.4 EEPROM reading circuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23.3 Results and Discussions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 Conclusion 27iiist of Figures.1 Architecture of 2.45 GHz transmitter module. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.2 State chart of the encoder. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.3 LC gate resonator oscillator, (a) schematic, (b) equivalent circuit. . . . . . . 9.4 Schematic of Gilbert-cell based mixer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.5 Simulation of the current of Q2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.6 Schematic of 2.45 GHz power amplifier. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.7 Sample output waveform of the encoder, VBB={110}. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.8 Comparision of bit error rates for coherent (ASK, FSK, and PSK) and noncoherentASK and FSK) demodulation [21]. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.9 S-parameters of power amplifier, X: S21, V+ V: S11, V V V: S22. . . . . . . . . 15.10 Input impedance at node Y looking into the RF choke. . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.11 Simulated output waveform of the transmitter, (a) bit 1, (b) bit 2 of VBB asn Fig. 2.7. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16v.12 Measured output waveform of the transmitter, (a) bit 1, (b) bit 2 of VBB asn Fig. 2.7. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17.13 (a) Output waveform of the transmitter corresponds to the input power ofbout −5 dBm from local oscillator, (b) Vgs of Q3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17.14 Photo of transmitter prototype. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18.1 Architecture of the proposed RFID tag. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19.2 Schematic of ID confirmation logic circuit [9]. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.3 Schematic of ID memory. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22.4 State machine of clock generator. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23.5 Timing waveform of proposed algorithm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25ist of Tables.1 Transmitter Parameters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16i17000104 bytesapplication/pdfen-US無線射頻辨識掃讀器振幅鍵移調變發射器Radio-frequency identification (RFID)readeramplitude-shift keying (ASK)transmitterthesishttp://ntur.lib.ntu.edu.tw/bitstream/246246/189008/1/ntu-96-J93921051-1.pdf