Ahn JGUANG-YU GUONagaosa NVishwanath A.2022-04-252022-04-25202117452473https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85121636272&doi=10.1038%2fs41567-021-01465-z&partnerID=40&md5=068d0b8304d04c6c8a568361ed63ce0bhttps://scholars.lib.ntu.edu.tw/handle/123456789/606489The geometry of quantum states is well established as a basis for understanding the response of electronic systems to static electromagnetic fields, as exemplified by the theory of the quantum and anomalous Hall effects. However, it has been challenging to relate quantum geometry to resonant optical responses. The main obstacle is that optical transitions involve a pair of states, whereas existing geometrical properties are defined for a single state. As a result, a concrete geometric understanding of optical responses has so far been limited to two-level systems, where the Hilbert space is completely determined by a single state and its orthogonal complement. Here, we construct a general theory of Riemannian geometry for resonant optical processes by identifying transition dipole moment matrix elements as tangent vectors. This theory applies to arbitrarily high-order responses, suggesting that optical responses can generally be thought of as manifestations of the Riemannian geometry of quantum states. We use our theory to show that third-order photovoltaic Hall effects are related to the Riemann curvature tensor and demonstrate an experimentally accessible regime where they dominate the response. ? 2021, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited.Electromagnetic fields; Photovoltaic effects; Quantum Hall effect; Quantum theory; Anomalous hall effects; Electronics system; Geometrical property; Optical response; Orthogonal complements; Quantum geometry; Quantum state; Riemannian geometry; Single state; Two-level system; Geometry[SDGs]SDG7journal article10.1038/s41567-021-01465-z2-s2.0-85121636272