戴昌鳳Dai, Chang-feng臺灣大學:海洋研究所謝恆毅Hsieh, Hernyi JustinHernyi JustinHsieh2010-05-062018-06-282010-05-062018-06-282008U0001-2507200816111800http://ntur.lib.ntu.edu.tw//handle/246246/181203位於北回歸線上的澎湖群島，極南至極北的距離約70公里，在此海域生長著許多底棲生物群聚，其中包括了亞熱帶及邊緣性的「珊瑚群聚」及「珊瑚礁」。許多物理及生物因子都會影響石珊瑚的生長與分佈，物理因子例如：溫度、沉積物、颱風、光照(濁度)、鹽度、營養鹽、潮流、海洋酸化導致珊瑚骨骼鈣化速率降低等等；生物因子例如：競爭、幼生入添、捕食者的劇增以及功能群或關鍵物種的消失等等因素。位於亞熱帶及邊緣區的石珊瑚群聚(珊瑚礁)可以作為研究石珊瑚面臨逆境時，群聚變遷、後續的回覆性及抵抗逆境能力等的極佳試驗場所。了解澎湖群島石珊瑚群聚的分布和特徵，吾人在2004-2005年間以佈放橫截線配合數位攝影機調查紀錄該群島不同海域（北部、東部、內海及南部）的石珊瑚群聚發育現況，再以「逢機灑點計數試算表」軟體（CPCE）將影像紀錄轉換成量化的資料。以類群分析（clustering）及多向度空間分析法（MDS）所得結果發現，東部及北部海域的石珊瑚群聚結構相似可劃歸為一群，內海及南部海域則各自獨立形成另外兩群。東部及北部海域的石珊瑚群聚主要以軸孔珊瑚小群體或是片段為主體，表示該海域可能面臨頻繁的環境擾動。內海的石珊瑚群聚以耐污濁的物種為主，顯示高沉積率及低光照度對此處珊瑚分布影響甚大。南部海域的石珊瑚群聚則具有較高的物種多樣性及覆蓋率，顯示此處是適合石珊瑚生長的良好環境，主要因子可能是較高的水溫及低沉積速率。另外，以相似度分析方法（SIMPER）所得結果也支持上述類群分群及多向度空間分析的結果。在物種組成方面，南部海域以分枝狀軸孔珊瑚為優勢種；內海海域以管孔珊瑚及分枝狀表孔珊瑚為優勢種；而東部與北部海域則以菊珊瑚科及片珊瑚科的種類為主。美麗軸孔珊瑚在所有調查地點的較淺區都是豐度最高的物種，每個調查地點或海域則是各自擁有獨特的物種組成，也造成了彼此之間的差異。端溫度向來被認為是影響珊瑚生長及分布最重要的因素。2007-2008年冬天澎湖群島發生寒害侵襲，造成各類珊瑚礁生物大量死亡的事件。現地水溫資料顯示，比過去三年冬季水溫平均值要低的水溫持續了三週，同時發生四年來最低的水溫紀錄。南部海域的最低水溫比最北的姑婆嶼高了約攝氏3-4度。2008年4~5月在姑婆嶼、澎澎灣、青灣內灣、嶼坪、七美等地點的調查結果，與2005年與的資料比較，所有調查地點的活體珊瑚覆蓋率都明顯下降，而「新近死亡珊瑚」的比例則明顯升高。分枝狀的軸孔珊瑚及細枝鹿角珊瑚是此次寒害受創最嚴重的物種。本論文提出「寒潮持續度週」（DCW）指數作為石珊瑚群聚遭受寒害影響的指標，初步結果顯示，當DCW>1.0 即有可能對珊瑚群聚造成重大傷害，此值是否可作為寒害預警指標，尚待進一步驗證。了推動海洋保護區的劃設，本論文也針對澎湖海域12調查地點保育價值做出評價，依據以往的監測結果發現，青灣內灣具有相當高的活體珊瑚覆蓋率、高物種及棲地多樣性，亦即具有高保育價值。因此，針對劃設海洋保護區的全面考量，進行青灣內灣的生態資源詳細調查及當地居民的社經現況普查。漁業現況調查結果發現，當地大多是休閒漁業及自給式漁業，具有低收益、低投資、高度天候依存等特性。社經調查結果發現保護區劃設對於鄰近村里沒有直接的利益衝突，而且大部分居民贊成保護區劃設，而海域棲地環境的破壞，例如：錨害以及結螺的啃食，都需要持續的管理介入改善及監測。當然社區的主動參予可使保護區發揮功能，持續的環境教育則對於促進大眾認知有幫助。本章提出澎湖地區劃設海洋保護區或禁漁區的標準作業規範，有助於漁業管理機關做為未來施政時的參考。合而論，澎湖群島多樣的石珊瑚群聚與其特有的地理及海域環境條件有關，並且具有亞熱帶珊瑚群聚變動劇烈的特性，過低海溫或冷水入侵是重大干擾因子，對該海域珊瑚群聚造成重大傷害，然而，後續的群聚回復力及抗拒力，以及功能群改變對群聚變動的影響，甚至於這種亞熱帶珊瑚群聚在全球變遷衝擊之下的反應等，都是值得繼續研究的課題。To reveal the distributional pattern of scleractinian communities, a video-transect method together with CPCe (Coral Point Count with Excel) analysis were applied to study the coral communities in four sectors: North, East, South, and Inner sea in Penghu Archipelago in 2004-05. The results of cluster analysis showed that coral communities in East and North sectors were grouped together, while those in Inner and South sectors remained as independent groups. Coral communities in North and East sectors were dominated by small colonies and fragments of Acropora spp. indicating that these areas possibly suffering frequent disturbances. Coral communities in Inner sector were dominated by turbidity-tolerant species suggesting that high sedimentation and low light-intensity were possibly the major factors structuring the coral community. Coral communities in South sector were characterized by high species diversity and coral cover, indicating a favorable environment for coral growth and reef development. Results of SIMPER analysis showed that Acropora spp. dominated the South sector, Goniopora sp. and branching Montipora sp. were abundant in Inner sector, while faviids and pectiniids were common in North and East sectors. A. muricata is the most widely distributed species in shallow zone.emperature extremes have traditionally been regarded as the most important factor that affects the distribution and development of reefs. A chill event occurred in winter 2007-2008 and resulted in severe mass mortalities of reef organisms in Penghu Archipelago. The in situ seawater temperature profiles showed that, unusually low SSTs persisted for three weeks and low temperature extremes (LTE) in past three winters were also recorded. The LTEs in South sector (Yupin and Chimei) were about 3-4℃ higher than that of Gupo in North sector. Comparisons of live coral cover (LCC) between 2005 and 2008 showed that significant reduction in LCC and increase of recently dead corals were observed. Branching Acopora spp. and Pocillopora damicornis were the most vulnerable species in the chill event. An index, degree chilling weeks (DCW), was proposed for predicting the impacts of cold sea temperatures. The preliminary data showed that DCW = 1.0 was possibly the threshold of forecasting a chill event. In order to promote the establishment of the first marine protected area (MPA) in Taiwan, the conservation values of 12 reef sites in Penghu Archipelago were evaluated. The results together with a surveillance programme revealed that the Chinwan Inner Bay (CIB) possesses the best coral community in Penghu Archipelago with the highest coral cover, high species diversity and habitat types, as well as a high conservation value. Utilization of biological resources and socio-economic factors of CIB were investigated by intensive field surveys and a complete visit-and-poll survey respectively. Most of the fishing at CIB is for recreational purposes and is characterized by low investment, low harvest rates, high dependence on weather conditions, and self-consumption. The socio-economic data showed that there was basically no direct conflict of interests with local communities at two neighbouring villages, and most local residents indicated that they would support the MPA proposal. A blueprint for a CIB MPA based on the results of these biological and socio-economic investigations is proposed. The involvement of local communities is key to the success of this MPA and environmental education is recommended to promote public awareness.n conclusion, diverse coral communities exist in Penghu Archipelago and the patterns of community structure are closely related to the unique oceanographic and geographic settings. These subtropical coral communities are characterized by catastrophic changes and the intrusion of cold water or the persistence of unusually low temperature is one of the major disturbance factors. The community dynamics following the disturbance such as resilience and resistance as well as the influences of functional groups and the impacts of climate change on these subtropical communities remain to be studied.Committee verified document icknowledgements iibstract in Chinese ivbstract in English viable of Contents ixist of Tables xiiiist of Figures xvihapter 1 General Introduction 1oral reefs and coral communities 1arginality 2actors responsible for the development of coral reefs 3 Physical Factors 3.1 Temperature 3.2 Sedimentation 5.3 Light and turbidity 6.4 Nutrients 7 Biological Factors 8.1 Competition 8.2 Predation 9tmospheric and oceanographic settings in Penghu Archipelago 9. Climatology 9. Winds and storms 10. Sea surface temperature, salinity, and other water quality index 10. Sedimentation rate 11. Organic content 11. Tides and currents 12hy study subtropical and marginal coral communities in Penghu? 12hapter 2 Subtropical scleractinian coral communities in Penghu Archipelago 29ntroductions 29aterials and Methods 31esults 32ierarchical differences of live coral cover 32ommunity structures 33ultivariate analysis of coral communities 33iscussion 34ierarchical differences in spatial scales 34ommunity structures 35ultivariate analysis of coral communities 37hapter 3 The Impacts of the chill event in 2007-08 on coral communities in enghu Archipelago 60ntroductions 60aterials and Methods 63esults 65ST fluctuations 65hanges of coral communities 66emperature stress and DCWs during the chill event in 2007-08 67iscussion 68he effects of cold temperature on coral communities 68ifferential mortality of corals and the shift of community structure 69hill events as a force shaping coral community structures 70he applications of DCW 71hapter 4 From the drawing board to the field: An example for establishing an PA in Penghu Archipelago 82ntroductions 82aterials and Methods 85ocation 85onservation values 86ive coral cover, zonation and biota of CIB 87tatus of resource utilization 88hreats to CIB 88ocioeconomic factors 89esults 89onservation values 90ive coral cover, zonation and biota of CIB 90tatus of resource utilization 91hreats to CIB 92nchor damage 92rupella snails 93ommunity awareness and attitudes towards the MPA 93iscussion 95IB as the priority site of MPA 95lueprint for the MPA at CIB 96hapter 5 General Discussion 113eferences 118ppendix 144ist of Tablesable 1.1 Characteristics of typhoons that hit or passed near Penghu Archipelagouring 1969-2008 15able 1.2 In-situ field measurements of seawater surface temperatures and alinities at 10 m depth at four quadrants in different seasons near enghu waters since 1985 16able 1.3 In-situ measurements of seawater quality indices at five sites in enghu coastal water in 2003, 2004 and 2006 17able 1.4 In-situ measurements of sedimentation rates and organic contents t 12 sites near Penghu waters in 2006 18able 2.1 Major categories for CPCe (Coral Point Count with Excel extensions)nalysis of coral communities in Penghu Archipelago 41able 2.2 Results of nested ANOVA on live coral cover of coral communities athree hierarchical spatial scales surveyed in Penghu Archipelago 42able 2.3 A list of scleractinian genera recorded at both depths of surveyed sitesn Penghu Archipelago 43able 2.4 Diversity indices of coral communities at surveyed sites in Penghu rchipelago 44able 2.5 Results of ANOSIM of scleractinian coral abundance and distributionetween sectors at two zones 45able 2.6 Common scleractinian species contributing >80% of similarities oforal communities at surveyed sites within sectors in (a) shallow andb) deep zones 46able 2.7 Common scleractinian species contributing >60% of dissimilarities fororal communities at surveyed sites within sectors in (a) shallow and b) deep zones 47able 2.8. Statistics of Bio-Env analysis (Primer) to show the best combinations of possible environmental factors responsible for the patterns of coral ommunities at different depths in Penghu Archipelago 49able 3.1 Relative abundance (% cover) of the top six species at (a) shallow zonend (b) deep zone at five sites in 2005 and 2008 73able 3.2 The low temperature extremes (LTE), accumulated cold stress, durationf cold stress (in weeks), and degree chilling weeks (DCW) of five sitesased on in situ sea temeperature records in January- February, 2008 75able 4.1 Questionnaire and statistical results of utilization of marine resourcesn CIB 99able 4.2 Questionnaire and statistical results concerning the present statusf CIB 100able 4.3 Questionnaire and statistical results concerning resource and habitat onservation of CIB 101able 4.4 Percentages of families at Shili and Fenguei that belong to five ategories of annual disposable income in New Taiwan dollars in 002 102ist of Figuresig. 1.1 Seasonal variation of mean monthly air temperatures and mean nnual precipitations from 1971-2000 in Penghu Archipelago 19ig. 1.2 The mean monthly wind speed in (a) Makung and (b) Tongee 20ig. 1.3 The paths of typhoons directly hit Penghu Archipelago from 1969-2008 21ig. 1.4 Major paths of typhoons that hit Taiwan from 1897 to 2007 22ig. 1.5 Temperature-salinity diagrams in four seasons at (a) northeast quadrant; b) northwest quadrant; (c) southeast quadrant; (d) southwest quadrant round Pegnhu waters based on field measurements since 1985 26ig. 1.6 Current velocities and directions at (a) northeast ; (b) northwest; c) southeast; (d) southwest around Pegnhu waters based on fieldeasurements since 1985 28ig. 2.1 Location of the Penghu Archipelago and the 12 sampling sites 50ig. 2.2 Live covers at 12 surveyed sites in both depths around Penghu water 51ig. 2.3 The nMDS plot of coral abundances and distributions between shallownd deep zones of surveyed sites 52ig. 2.4 Dendrograms of (a) shallow and (b) deep zones based on cluster analysesf coral species abundances of all transects surveyed at 12 sites in 4 sectorsindicated with color) of Penghu Archipelago 54ig. 2.5 The nMDS plots of coral abundances and distributions between 12urveyed sites in (a) shallow zone, and (b) deep zone 55ig. 2.6 (a) Morphology of Porites lutea was seriously distorted by heavyedimentation, (b) coral colony of Favites halicora showed partialortality, (c) large quantities of smashed coral debris were foundn Gipei 57ig. 2.7 Coral colonies suffered from parasitism or overgrowth of othernvertebrates 59ig. 3.1 Fluctuations of sea temperatures recorded at five sites in Penghu rchipelago from December 1st, 2007 to February 16th, 2008 76ig. 3.2 Comparisons of the trends of SST variations from December 1st, 2007o February 20th, 2008 with the historical data of SSTs (mean +- S.D.)n 2004-2007 79ig. 3.3 Vertical profiles of sea water temperatures at (a) Dachan; (b)Tonpitou;c) Huginn around Penghu Archipelago recorded on February 18th, 2008 80ig. 3.4 Comparisons of live coral cover and recently dead coral percentagesbetween 2005 and 2008 at (a) shallow zone; (b) deep zone 81ig. 4.1 Location of Penghu Archipelago and the current systems around it 103ig. 4.2 Location of the Penghu Archipelago and the 12 sampling sites 104ig. 4.3 (a) Idealized r-K-S ternary diagram for coral reef conservation classb) r-K-s ternary diagram of the 12 reef sites in the Penghu rchipelago 106ig. 4.4 Map of CIB and neighbouring villages, navy base, and boundaryof the proposed MPA 108ig. 4.5 Annual variations of live coral coverage at (a) 3 m deep, and (b) 6 m eep at four sites in the Penghu Archipelago from1999 to 2004 109ig. 4.6 Habitats zonations of CIB 110ig. 4.7 Distribution of all fishing events at CIB from October to December002 111ig. 4.8 The frequency of anchor damages in the monitoring site of CIB rom Reef Check 1999-2004 112ig. 4.9 Recommended zoning plan for the MPA in CIB. Black trianglesare proposed sites for anchor buoys 113application/pdf14442115 bytesapplication/pdfen-US亞熱帶石珊瑚珊瑚群聚寒潮寒潮持續度週海洋保護區SubtropicalScleractiniancoral communitieschill eventdegree chilling weeksmarine protected area (MPA)[SDGs]SDG4[SDGs]SDG13[SDGs]SDG14[SDGs]SDG16thesishttp://ntur.lib.ntu.edu.tw/bitstream/246246/181203/1/ntu-97-D90241010-1.pdf