Liu C.-HAnthopoulos, Thomas DThomas DAnthopoulosHan, YangYangHanSharma, AbhinavAbhinavSharmaAlGhamdi, Wejdan SWejdan SAlGhamdiLiu, Chien-HaoChien-HaoLiuChang, Tzu-HsuanTzu-HsuanChangXiao, Xi-WenXi-WenXiaoLin, Wei-ZhiWei-ZhiLinLu, Po-YuPo-YuLuSeitkhan, AkmaralAkmaralSeitkhanMottram, Alexander DAlexander DMottramPattanasattayavong, PichayaPichayaPattanasattayavongFaber, HendrikHendrikFaberHeeney, MartinMartinHeeneyAnthopoulos, Thomas DThomas DAnthopoulos2022-03-222022-03-22202209359648https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85119276498&doi=10.1002%2fadma.202104608&partnerID=40&md5=9ef265f6875915e3aec5cb8c10fe6e9bhttps://scholars.lib.ntu.edu.tw/handle/123456789/598763Solid-state transistor sensors that can detect biomolecules in real time are highly attractive for emerging bioanalytical applications. However, combining upscalable manufacturing with the required performance remains challenging. Here, an alternative biosensor transistor concept is developed, which relies on a solution-processed In2O3/ZnO semiconducting heterojunction featuring a geometrically engineered tri-channel architecture for the rapid, real-time detection of important biomolecules. The sensor combines a high electron mobility channel, attributed to the electronic properties of the In2O3/ZnO heterointerface, in close proximity to a sensing surface featuring tethered analyte receptors. The unusual tri-channel design enables strong coupling between the buried electron channel and electrostatic perturbations occurring during receptor–analyte interactions allowing for robust, real-time detection of biomolecules down to attomolar (am) concentrations. The experimental findings are corroborated by extensive device simulations, highlighting the unique advantages of the heterojunction tri-channel design. By functionalizing the surface of the geometrically engineered channel with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) antibody receptors, real-time detection of the SARS-CoV-2 spike S1 protein down to am concentrations is demonstrated in under 2 min in physiological relevant conditions. ? 2021 Wiley-VCH GmbHBiomoleculesChemical detectionDiseasesElectronic propertiesIndium compoundsMetalsMOS devicesOxide semiconductorsProteinsSignal detectionTransistorsAnalytesDetection of biomoleculesLarge-area electronicsMetal oxide semiconductorReal-time detectionSevere acute respiratory syndrome coronavirusSevere acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2Solid-state devicesSolution processTransistor sensorsHeterojunctionsACE2 protein, humancoronavirus spike glycoproteinDNAimmobilized antibodyindiumindium oxidespike protein, SARS-CoV-2virus antibodyzinc oxidebioengineeringbloodchemistrycomputer simulationcomputer systemdevicesdiagnosisequipment designgenetic procedureshumanimmunologymetabolismmicrotechnologyproceduresproof of concepttransistorvirologyAngiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2Antibodies, ImmobilizedAntibodies, ViralBioengineeringBiosensing TechniquesComputer SimulationComputer SystemsCOVID-19COVID-19 TestingEquipment DesignHumansIndiumMicrotechnologyProof of Concept StudySARS-CoV-2Spike Glycoprotein, CoronavirusTransistors, ElectronicZinc Oxide[SDGs]SDG3[SDGs]SDG7[SDGs]SDG9journal article10.1002/adma.202104608347382582-s2.0-85119276498