Wang, Xiang-YiXiang-YiWangKiang, Jean-FuJean-FuKiang2026-03-112026-03-112025-12-31https://www.scopus.com/record/display.uri?eid=2-s2.0-105027022279&origin=resultslisthttps://scholars.lib.ntu.edu.tw/handle/123456789/736202A household solar energy supply composed of photovoltaic (PV) modules and battery packs is proposed and analyzed for its feasibility and self-sustainability. The required numbers of photovoltaic modules and battery packs per household are optimized to meet the residential electricity demand. In this study, we integrated radiative transfer simulation (LibRadtran) with electrical optimization of PV module-battery pack microgrid, which is not commonly done in existing solar energy feasibility studies. This interdisciplinary analysis adds new understanding of how gases, aerosols, and clouds quantitatively affect household-level solar self-sufficiency. We adopted real atmospheric datasets (MERRA-2) and standard solar reference spectra (ASTM G173-03), extending typical PV modeling approach into a climate-aware framework. Hence, the results can be generalized to different geographical areas for policy making or system planning. The proposed method was demonstrated successfully to optimize the number of PV modules and battery packs per household under varying latitudes, seasons, and climate conditions. This directly contributes to design and energy management decisions for microgrids and smart homes. This work links long-term climate trends to PV performance by comparing 1980s versus 2015–2024 atmospheric data, providing a unique temporal perspective seldom addressed in prior works.trueaerosolsatmospheric conditionbattery packclimate impactcloudseffective insolationgasesHousehold solar energy supplylatitudinal locationphotovoltaic moduleseasonal effectspectral attenuation modelspectral power distributionjournal article10.1109/access.2025.36498522-s2.0-105027022279