張麗麗2006-07-252018-05-292006-07-252018-05-292005-07-31http://ntur.lib.ntu.edu.tw//handle/246246/4447本報告包含兩項漢語使役結構的歷時研究。 第一項研究探討漢語使役結構發展出致使用法的演變過程,並解釋其 演變原因。研究以歷史上最常見的「使」、「令」、「教(交)」、「叫」、 「讓」這五個動詞所構成的使役結構為主。歷史語料顯示,這五個句式的 發展雖然有早有晚、有快有慢,但都經歷相似的演變過程,一致呈現三方 面的演變傾向:從使役到致使、從有意致使到無意致使,以及從一般致使 到描述性致使。這三方面的演變都是泛化(generalization)機制所引發的, 包括使役動詞詞彙意義的泛化、主語類型的泛化,以及賓語指涉的泛化。 從使役到致使的演變中,使役動詞的意義明顯虛化且語法程度提高,但卻 仍是句中的核心動詞,並未降類(de-categorialized)。本研究提出兩股相逆 的動力來解釋此一特殊發展。這項演變正說明詞義的虛化並不一定造成語 法範疇的降類,從使役到致使的演變並不能算是語法化現象。 第二項研究從語義角度探討漢語使役句表被動的發展,並主張使役句先形成 「非自願允讓」(unwilling permissives)的用法,然後才發展出被動用法。研究中 提出兩方面的證據:一方面,漢語「教」、「讓」和「給」字句的歷史發展皆呈現 「使役>非自願允讓>被動」的語義演變過程;另一方面,其他語言中兩種常見 的使役兼被動句(即「反身允讓句」和「不幸被動句」)也都含有「非自願允讓」 的語義特性。本研究繼而從語義和句法的角度探討漢語使役句表被動的條件,並 將使役被動句與致使義處置式對比,以指出使役被動句在語用上的特性。This report contains two researches on the historical developments of Chinese Shi-yi Constructions, also named as Chinese Causatives. The first research aims to study the causativisation of Chinese Shi-yi Constructions, and examines the history of five Shi-yi verbs, i.e. Shi(使), Ling(令), Jiao(教), Jiao(叫) and Rang(讓). Three major tendencies are found in their history: from indirect imperatives to causatives, from deliberate causatives to non-deliberate causatives, and from general causatives to descriptive causatives. This paper argues that the mechanism for the three changes is generalization, including the generalization of the verb meaning, the generalization of the subject type and the generalization of the reference of the object. While the causativisation of Chinese Shi-yi verbs shows the increase of semantic bleaching and the decrease of grammaticality, the verbs are not de-categorialized and thus not grammaticalized. Two forces are proposed to explain this particular phenomenon based on their syntactic characteristics. This case indicates that semantic bleaching is not necessarily accompanied by decategorialization and the causativisation of Chinese Shi-yi verbs is not a case of grammaticalization. The second research explored the semantic development from causatives to passives in Chinese. We argue that it is the “unwilling permissives”links the causatives and the passives. Supports were found for the two phenomena: (1) the semantic development of “causatives > unwilling permissives > passives” can well describe the history of three Chinese constructions, i.e. Jiao(教), Rang(讓), and Gei(給), and (2) the sense of “unwilling permissives”can well characterize the “reflexive permissions”and the “adversative passives”, both of which are well-known causative-passives in the other languages. The research also discusses the conditions for the change from the aspects of semantics and syntax, and point out the pragmatic function of the causative-passives in comparison to the disposal constructions, i.e. the BA(把)-Construction.application/pdf257076 bytesapplication/pdfzh-TW國立臺灣大學中國文學系暨研究所使役結構致使虛化語法化泛化降類使役句被動句非自願允讓使役被動句反身允讓句不幸被動句causatives (Shiyi-Constructions)semantic bleachinggrammaticalizationgeneralizationde-categorializaitonpassivesunwilling permissivescausative passivesreflexive permissionsadversative passives漢語使役結構的歷時研究reporthttp://ntur.lib.ntu.edu.tw/bitstream/246246/4447/1/932411H002045.pdf